بررسی عوامل جامعه شناختی موثر بر تحمل اجتماعی در شهر اصفهان
محورهای موضوعی : جامعه شناسیمعصومه کرمانشاهی 1 , علی هاشمیان فر 2 , فریدون وحیدا 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی فرهنگی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دهاقان ، دهاقان ، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان ، ایران،(نویسنده مسئول)j.hashemian@ltr.ui.ac.ir
3 - استاد گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه اصفهان ، اصفهان ، ایران
کلید واژه: تحمل اجتماعی , احساس نابرابری اجتماعی , احساس امنیت اجتماعی, هوش فرهنگی , اقتدارطلبی,
چکیده مقاله :
تحمل اجتماعی توصیفی از کنش‌های اجتماعی که در جهت مسالمت با اکثریت متفاوت می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر باهدف تبیین جامعه‌شناختی تحمل اجتماعی در بین شهروندان اصفهان با تکیه بر نظریه‌پردازانی همچون وگت، دورکیم ، چونگ... انجام‌شده است .روش انجام تحقیق پیمایشی و ابزار جمع‌آوری داده ها پرسشنامه ،برای اعتبار تحقیق از روش اعتبار محتوا ، پایایی پرسشنامه از آلفای کرونباخ استفاده‌شده است . جامعه آماری ، شهروندان بالای 20 سال شهر اصفهان در سال 1399-1400 می‌باشد. حجم نمونه با نرم‌افزار Gpower تعداد461 نفر محاسبه‌شده و روش نمونه‌گیری سهمیه‌ای انتخاب شد.یافته‌ها بیانگر میانگین تحمل اجتماعی متوسط رو به پایین است .نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون : بین احساس امنیت (0/345) ،دین‌داری (0/308) هوش فرهنگی ( 0/383)با تحمل اجتماعی رابطه معنادار و مستقیم ، بین احساس نابرابری (0/308-) اقتدارطلبی ( 0/371-)با تحمل اجتماعی رابطه معنادار و معکوس وجود دارد . نتایج مدل معادلات ساختاری: بین احساس امنیت ، احساس نابرابری ، هوش فرهنگی ، اقتدارطلبی با تحمل اجتماعی طبق مدل مفهومی تدوین‌شده ارتباط معنادار و در یک رابطه ساختاری‌اند. اما دین‌داری بر تحمل اجتماعی معنادار نبود. هوش فرهنگی بیشترین واریانس ارتقا تحمل اجتماعی را تبیین کرده است
Social tolerance is a description of social actions that differ from the majority in the direction of peace. The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological explanation of social tolerance among the citizens of Isfahan, relying on theorists such as Vogt, Durkheim, Chong ... The survey research method and the questionnaire collection tool were used for the validity of the research, the content validity method, the reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population is citizens over 20 years of age in Isfahan city in 1399-1400. The sample size was calculated with Gpower software, 461 people and the quota sampling method was chosen. The findings show that the average social tolerance is downward. The results of the Pearson correlation test: between feeling of security (0.345), religiosity (0.308), cultural intelligence (0.383) and social tolerance have a significant and direct relationship, between the feeling of inequality (-0.308) and authoritarianism (- 0.371) There is a significant and inverse relationship with social tolerance. The results of the structural equations model: there is a meaningful relationship between the feeling of security, feeling of inequality, cultural intelligence, authoritarianism and social tolerance according to the developed conceptual model and in a structural relationship. But religiosity was not significant on social tolerance. Cultural intelligence has explained the most variance in promoting social tolerance
1. Akbari Shahabi, Soraya and Ebrahimpour, Daud (2017). The relationship between religiosity and the feeling of social security among the students of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. Journal of Sociological Studies, Year 10, Number 39
2. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B.(1992).Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism,quest,and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion,20.113-133
3. Arabi, Ali and Dalvand, Frank (2021). Fertilizers, social capital and tolerance. Strategic Quarterly of Sports and Youth, Volume 20, Number 53
4. Ardakani, Reza (2004) review. The culture of wisdom and freedom. Second edition, Tehran: Saghi publishing house.
5. Aristotle (2015). Metaphysics. Translated by Sharafuddin Sharaf Khorasani. Tehran: Hekmat Publications
6. Azad Aramaki, Taghi and Bahar, Mehri (1998) Survey of social issues, Tehran: Jihad Publishing.
7. Baker, Terzal (1998). How to conduct social research, translated by Hoshang Naibi. First edition. Tehran: Rosh Publications
8. Bashiriyeh, Hossein (1995). The State of Reason: Ten Discourses in Philosophy and Political Sociology. Tehran: New Sciences Publishing Institute.
9. Bayati, Parvaneh, Jahanbakhsh, Ismail, Behian Shapour (2018). Sociological explanation of challenges and opportunities related to social tolerance of Tehran citizens. Sociology Quarterly of Social Institutions, Number 15, Volume 7
10. Brooke, S., Chouhoud, Y., & Hoffman, M. (2022). The Friday Effect: How Communal Religious Practice Heightens Exclusionary Attitudes. British Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 122-139.
11. Chalabi, Massoud (2002). An experimental study of the personality system in Iran, Tehran: Cultural Research Institute of Art and
12. Chong, Dennis (1994). Tolerance and social adjustment to new norms and practices. Political behavior. 16(1).
13. Cohen,A.J.(2004).What toleration is. Ethics 115(1):68-95
14. Corcoran katie E, Pettinicchio David & Robbins Blaine (2012). Religion And the Acceptability of white- collar crime: Across-National Analysis, Journal for the scientific study of Religion, Vo1.51 (3). PP: 542-567
15. Dunn, K. (2014). Authoritarianism and Intolerance Under Autocratic and Democratic Regimes. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2(1), 220-241.
16. Duriez ,Bart.(2004).A Research Note on the Relation Between Religiosity and Racism:The Importance of The Way in Which Religious Contents Are Being Processed. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 14.177-191
17. Durkheim, Emile (2005). About the division of social work. Translated by Baqer Parham, second edition, Tehran: Center.
18. Ebrahimi, Nabi Elah (2007). A reflection on the foundations and culture of the Copenhagen school. Foreign Policy Quarterly, 21st year, number 82
19. Farzam, Nazanin (2016). Sociological study of the effect of different types of capital on the social tolerance of Sari youth. Master's thesis in the field of youth studies, Faculty of Social Humanities. Mazandaran University
20. Fathali, Mahmoud (1999). Tolerance and moral, religious and political tolerance. Qom: Publication of Taha Cultural Institute
21. Ferrar,W.J.(1976).The dimensions of Tolerance,Pacific Sociological Review.19,pp.63-81.
22. Firouzjaian, Ali Asghar, Sharapour, Mahmoud and Farzam, Nazanin (2016), Sociological investigation of the effect of cultural capital on interpersonal relations with an emphasis on social tolerance, Communication Culture Studies, Volume 17, Number 35
23. Galeotti,Anna E.(2001)Do We Need Toleration as a Moral Virtue ,Respublica, Vol.7(3):273-292
24. Golabi, Fatemeh, Alizadeh Kakah, Mohammad Baqer, Aghayari Heer, Tawakkel; and Zardmoi Ardeklou, Shapour (2019) investigating the relationship between cultural and social capital and tolerance among citizens. Social Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, number 16, period 2
25. Golabi, Fatemeh, Alizadeh Kaveh Mohammad Baqer, Tawakal Agha Yari Heer, Zardmoi Ardeklou Shapour (2021). Examining the relationship between economic capital and the structure of tolerance among the citizens of Mashhad, Development Sociology Journal, 10th year, number 2, autumn and winter 2021, pages 27-64
26. Ghazinejad Maryam and Akbarnia Elaha (2017). Monitoring: social tolerance or social distance (a survey among Muslims and Christians in Tehran), social studies and research in Iran, period 6, number 1
27. Giddens, Anthony (1998). Consequences of modernity. Translated by Mohsen Salasi. Tehran: Center Publishing
28. Gudarzi, Saeed and Elah Dadi, Nooruddin (2020). Factors related to the feeling of security with an emphasis on the feeling of inequality. Law and order and security research paper, 13th year, 2nd consecutive number 50, pp. 1-24
29. Habermas, Jürgen (2005). Theory of communicative action. Translated by Kamal Poladi and Thomas McCarthy. First edition, volume 1, Tehran: Iran newspaper
30. Hosseini Nesar, Majid (2004). Investigating the factors affecting juvenile delinquency in Rasht city, Master's thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran
31. Hosseinzadeh, Khanagahi, Masoumeh (2010). Examining tolerance among students of Gilan University. Master's thesis of Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of Social Sciences, Gilan University.
32. Meskell.l.(2013).UNESCO s World Heritage Convention at 40:Challenging the economic and political order of international heritage conservation. Current Anthropology.54(4).483-494
33. Mousavi Bojanvardi, Seyyed Mohammad (2005). A collection of jurisprudential, legal and social articles. Tehran: Research School of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution.
34. Mutz, D. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice. American political science review, 96(1), 26-111.
35. Nasr Esfahani, Ali ,hajian, Taleb , Karimi, Mehdi and Rizvani, Seyed Morteza (2012). Examining tolerance and tolerance in organizational leadership based on Nahj al-Balagheh's point of view, Islamic Management Scientific Research Quarterly, No. 2, pp. 113-130
36. Pak Zaman Qomi Mohammad Amin, Niazi Mohsen (2021) Reviewing the relationship between religiosity and symbolism. Case study: Kashan city, Scientific Research Quarterly of Islam and Social Studies, Year 9, Number 2, Fall 2021, 34
37. Peterson,S(2003).Tolerance.Availabl at:
38. Phelps, E (2004) White Students Attitudes towards Asian American Students at the University of Washington: a Study of Social Tolerance and Cosmopolitanism, Dissertation, New York University.
39. Powell.R and S.Clarke(2013).Religion,Tolerance, and Intolerance:Views from Across the Disciplines.In S. Clarke,R.Powell,and J.Savulescu(eds),Religion, Intolerance, and Conflict:A Scientific and Conceptual Investigation,pp.1-35.oxford
40. Rafipour, Farmarz (1999). Anatomy of society, an introduction to applied sociology, Tehran: Publishing Company
41. Rahnamai, Mohammad Taghi and Pour Mousavi, Seyed Moussa (2006) Investigating the security instability of the metropolis of Tehran based on sustainable urban development indicators. Geographical Research, Volume 38, Number 57
42. Rawls, John(1971).A Theory of Justice,Oxford University.8.1
43. Rezart Hoxhaj & Carolina V. Zuccotti (2021) The complex relationship between immigrants’ concentration, socioeconomic environment and attitudes towards immigrants in Europe, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44:2, 272-292
44. Ritzers, George (2003). Sociological theory in the contemporary era. Translated by Mohsen salasi. Tehran: Elami
45. Rouzbeh, Mohammad Hassan (2007) Tolerance. The fourth edition of Tehran: Imam Khomeini's (RA) editing and publishing institute and Arouj publishing institute.
46. Saber, Cyrus (2005). Examining the relationship between the amount and types of religiosity and social tolerance. Master's thesis of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Tarbiat Moalem University.
47. Saroglou,V.,V.Delpierre,and R. Dernelle(2004).Values and religiosity:a meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz s model. Personahity and Individual Difference37:721-34
48. Schatz. S. Mona C.(2004). Social Tolerance and Social Civility:Key Elements for Transitioning Democratic Countries. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare:23-31
49. Seyyed Samad Beheshti, Arend Fatemeh Alizadeh, Zahra Kanani (2019). Sociological explanation of the relationship between cultural intelligence and social tolerance among the citizens of Yasouj city, Iranian Journal of Strategic Research on Social Issues, 7th year, serial number 25, number 2
50. Sharapour, Mahmoud Asgari, Ali (2009). Typology of tolerance and its measurement among students of social sciences faculties of Tehran University and Allameh Tabatabai. Cultural Research Quarterly. Volume 2, number 8
51. Tatiana Voronchenkoa, Tatiana klimenkob, Irina kostinab, Learning To Live In A Global world: project- Based Learning in Multicultural student Groups As A Pedagogy of Tolerance strategy, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences 191, page 1489-1495, (2015)
52. Thompson,Denise.(2002).Power and distate:Tolerance and its limitations.Retrieved ,from www.s~rc.unsw.edu.au/seminars/tolerance.pdf.
53. Tavalai, Novin, Falah Pisheh, Akram (2011) Studying the effect of feeling inequality on cooperation. Iranian Social Issues Quarterly, second year
54. Triaandis,Harry C. (1996), The Psychological Measurement of cultural syndromes, American Psychological, 51 (4) 407-415.
55. Vice President of Planning and Human Development (2016). Statistics of Isfahan City. Isfahan: Cultural and Entertainment Organization of Isfahan Municipality.
56. Voget, W.P. (1997). Tolerance and education: Learning to live with diversity and difference. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. VonBergen, Clarence;Bergen,beth;Stubblefield, Clahre; Bandow, Diane.(2012)Authentic tolerance: between forbearance and acceptance. Journal of cultural diversity. 19. 111-117
58. Wei, Q. (2022). Income disparity, perceptions of inequality, and public tolerance. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 8(4), 596–635.
59. Witenberg,R.T. & Butrus,N.(2012).Some Personality Predictors of Tolerance to Human Diversity:The Roles of Openness, Agreeableness ,and Empathy. Journal of Australian Psychological Society,48(4), 290-298.
