Importance of Water Quality in Small Ruminants’ Productivity
محورهای موضوعی : CamelA. Cervantes 1 , G. López 2 , F.J. Monge 3 , A. Estrada 4 , A. Plascencia 5
1 - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico
2 - Institute for Research in Veterinary Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
3 - Institute for Research in Veterinary Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
4 - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico
5 - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico
کلید واژه: energetics, goats, health, production, sheep, water quality,
چکیده مقاله :
Successful breeding and raising of sheep and goats depend on appropriate sanitary and nutritional manage-ment, where water plays a crucial role. Alterations in water quality and availability might lead to alterations in animal productivity. Small ruminants are capable of ingesting water in a wide range of qualities with little or no effect on health and performance, however; some elements and microorganisms present in high concentrations can produce a negative effect on health status and weight gain performance, being the qual-ity of water, an essential factor affecting the profitability of small ruminant production. The effects on cat-tle's productive performance of compounds like total dissolved solids, sulfates, and sulfur in drinking water have been documented. However, there needs to be more information available on the effect on sheep and goats, being necessary to increase the efforts to carry out studies to evaluate the effect of the physicochemi-cal and microbiological quality of drinking water on the health and productive performance of small rumi-nants. Water quality affects the efficiency of diet energy utilization in lambs. However, there is scares in-formation about this topic to reevaluate the qualification of water as “well water”. This review presents the effects of drinking water's different physicochemical and microbiological characteristics on the productivity of small ruminants. Also, it addresses water quality and its effect on productivity from an energy perspec-tive.
Successful breeding and raising of sheep and goats depend on appropriate sanitary and nutritional manage-ment, where water plays a crucial role. Alterations in water quality and availability might lead to alterations in animal productivity. Small ruminants are capable of ingesting water in a wide range of qualities with little or no effect on health and performance, however; some elements and microorganisms present in high concentrations can produce a negative effect on health status and weight gain performance, being the qual-ity of water, an essential factor affecting the profitability of small ruminant production. The effects on cat-tle's productive performance of compounds like total dissolved solids, sulfates, and sulfur in drinking water have been documented. However, there needs to be more information available on the effect on sheep and goats, being necessary to increase the efforts to carry out studies to evaluate the effect of the physicochemi-cal and microbiological quality of drinking water on the health and productive performance of small rumi-nants. Water quality affects the efficiency of diet energy utilization in lambs. However, there is scares in-formation about this topic to reevaluate the qualification of water as “well water”. This review presents the effects of drinking water's different physicochemical and microbiological characteristics on the productivity of small ruminants. Also, it addresses water quality and its effect on productivity from an energy perspec-tive.
Akinmoladun O.F., Muchenje V., Fon F.N. and Mpendulo C.T. (2019). Small ruminants: Farmers’ hope in a world threatened by water scarcity. Animals. 9(7), 456-467.
Andreini E.M., Augenstein S.M., Fales C.S., Sainz R.D. and Oltjen J.W. (2020). Effects of feeding level on efficiency of high- and low-residual feed intake beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 9, 1-9.
APHIS and USDA. (2000). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and United States Department of Agriculture. Water Quality in US. Feedlots: Info sheet. WebMD. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/feedlot/downloads/feedlot99/Feedlot99_is_Water Quality.pdf Accessed Dec. 2022.
Assad F. and El-Sherif M.M.A. (2002). Effect of drinking saline water and feed shortage on adaptive responses of sheep and camels. Small Rumin. Res. 45, 279-290.
Bagley C., Kotuby-Amacher J. and Farrell-Poe K. (1997). Analy-sis of Water Quality for Livestock (N.o 28; p. 7). Analysis of water quality for livestock. Animal Health Fact Sheet. All Ar-chived Publications, Utah State University, USA.
Beede D.K. (2012). What will our ruminants drink? Anim. Front. 2, 36-43.
Bolaños-Alfaro J.D., Cordero-Castro G., Segura-Araya G., Bo-laños-Alfaro J.D., Cordero-Castro G. and Segura-Araya G. (2017). Determinación de nitritos, nitratos, sulfatos y fosfatos en agua potable como indicadores de contaminación oca-sionada por el hombre, en dos cantones de Alajuela (Costa Rica). Rev. Tecnol. Marcha. 30, 15-27.
Cajape J.F. (2021). Índice de calidad de agua de las fuentes hídrica que abastecen al ganado bovino, parroquia Quiroga MS. Thesis. Universidad Delarepublica Uruguay, USA.
Carrasco-Letelier L., Giannitti F. and Caffarena D. (2016). Cali-dad del agua para la producción animal. Rev. INIA Uruguay. 47, 35-37.
Carrillo-Díaz F., Salgado-Moreno S., Escalera-Valente F., Car-mona-Gasca C., Peña-Parra B. and Macías-Coronel H. (2015). Urolitiasis en ovinos. Abanico Vet. 5, 49-57.
Carson T.L. (2000). Current knowledge of water quality and safety for livestock. Vet. Clin. 16, 455-464.
Castro D.P.V., Yamamoto S.M., Araújo G.G.L., Pinheiro R.S.B., Queiroz M.A.A., Albuquerque Í.R.R. and Moura J.H.A. (2017). Influence of drinking water salinity on carcass charac-teristics and meat quality of Santa Inês lambs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 49, 1095-1100.
Castro-Pérez B.I., Núñez-Benítez V.H., Estrada-Angulo A., Urías-Estrada J.D., Gaxiola-Camacho S.M., Rodríguez-Gaxiola M.A., Angulo-Montoya C., Barreras A., Zinn R.A., Perea-Domínguez X.P. and Plascencia A. (2022). Evaluation of standardized mixture of synbiotic-glyconutrients supple-mented in lambs finished during summer season in tropical environment: Growth performance, dietary energetics, and carcass characteristics. Can J. Anim. Sci. 102, 155-164.
Cervantes-Noriega A., López N., Estrada A., Castro-Pérez B., Ponce-Barraza E., Valencia G., Barreras-Serrano A. and Plas-cencia A. (2022). The reduction of bacterial load and total solid in drinking water qualified as “Clean” for livestock, in-creases growth performance and reduce diarrhea frequency in finishing lambs. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10, 980-984.
Curran G. (2014). Water for livestock: Interpreting water quality tests. NSW Government. Primefact 533. WebMD. https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/111348/water-for-livestock-interpreting-water-quality-tests.pdf Ac-cessed Nov. 2022.
De Albuquerque Í.R.R., De Araujo G.G.L., De Voltolini T.V., Moura J.H.A., Costa R.G., Gois G.C., Costa S.A.P., Campos F.S., Queiroz M.A.Á. and Santos N.M.S.S. (2020). Saline wa-ter intake effects performance, digestibility, nitrogen and wa-ter balance of feedlot lambs. Anim. Prod. Sci. 60(13), 1591-1597.
De Almeida A.C., Magalhães A.L.R., De Araújo G.G.L., Campos F.S., Gois G.C., De Matos M.H.T., Queiroz M.A.Á., Menezes V.G., Costa C.J.P., dos Santos K.C. and Leite A.C.S.P. (2021). Effect of reduced of water supply on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components and the volume of digestive com-partments of Santa Inês ewes. Livest. Sci. 245, 104402-104410.
De Araújo G.G.L., Costa S.A.P., Moraes S.A., Queiroz M.A.Á., Gois G.C., Santos N.M.S.S., De Albuquerque I.R.R., Moura J.H.A. and Campos F.S. (2019). Supply of water with salinity levels for Morada Nova sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 171, 73-76.
De Matos J.L., Furtado D.A., Ribeiro N.L., Medeiros G.R., Lopes Neto J.P., Leite P.G., Rodrigues L.R. and Miranda J.R. (2021). Salinity-water levels on productive performance, physiological and behavioral responses of ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês cross-bred sheep. Semin. Cienc. Agrar. 42(3), 1825-1836.
Ehrlenbruch R., Eknæs M., Pollen T., Andersen I.L. and Bøe K.E. (2010). Water intake in dairy goats-The effect of different types of roughages. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 9, 400-403.
Ensminger M.E., Oldfield J.E. and Heinemann W.W. (1990). Feeds and nutrition: Formerly Feeds and nutrition. Ensminger Publishing Company, Clovis, California, USA.
Estrada-Angulo A., Valdés Y.S., Carrillo-Muro O., Castro-Perez B.I., Barreras A., López-Soto M.A., Plascencia A., Dávila-Ramos H., Rios F.G. and Zinn R.A. (2013). Effects of feeding different levels of chromium-enriched live yeast in hairy lambs fed a corn-based diet: Effects on growth performance, dietary energetics, carcass traits and visceral organ mass. Anim. Prod. Sci. 53, 308-315.
Fernández-Cirelli A., Schenone N., Pérez-Carrera A. and Volpedo A. (2010). Calidad de agua para la producción de especies animales tradicionales y no tradicionales en Argentina. AUGM DOMUS. 1, 45-66.
Forbes J. M. (1968). The water intake of ewes. British J. Nutr. 22, 33-43.
German D., Thiex N. and Wright C. (2008). Interpretation of Wa-ter Analysis for Livestock Suitability. Agricultural Experiment Station Circulars. Agricultural Experiment Station, South Da-kota State University, Dakota, USA.
Herrera C.D. (2012). Comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de vacas holstein que consume agua de pozo profundo y de ósmosis inversa. MS Thesis. Chapingo Autonomous Univ., Texcoco de Mora, Mexico.
Higgins S.F. and Agouridis C.T. (2008). ID-170: Drinking Water Quality Guidelines for Cattle. Publication No. ID-170, Univer-sity of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, USA.
Hussein A., El-Ati M.A. and Abdelsattar M. (2020). The influence of betaine supplementation on the deleterious effects of saline water consumption on carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs. Egyptian J. Anim. Prod. 57, 33-41.
Irisk M. (2012). Water Quality for Livestock. University of Flor-ida College of Veterinary Medicine. Available at:
AAhttps://vetmedextension.sites.medinfo.ufl.edu/files/2012/02/Water-quality-for-Livestock-FCA-mag-article-2010-april210sent.pdf Accessed Nov. 2022.
Landefeld M. and Bettinger J. (2005). Water Effects on Livestock Performance. Fact Sheet ANR-13-02. Ohio State University, Agriculture and Natural Resources. Columbus, Ohio.
Lardy G., Stoltenow C. and Johnson R. (2008). Livestock and Water. AS-954. Fargo, North Dakota State University, North Dakota State, USA.
Lejeune J.T., Besser T.E., Merrill N.L., Rice D.H. and Hancock D.D. (2001). Livestock drinking water microbiology and the factors influencing the quality of drinking water offered to cat-tle. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 1856-1862.
Lewerin S.S., Sokolova E., Wahlström H., Lindström G., Pers C., Strömqvist J. and Sörén K. (2019). Potential infection of graz-ing cattle via contaminated water: A theoretical modeling ap-proach. Animal. 13, 2052-2059.
Loneragan G.H., Wagner J.J., Gould D.H., Garry F.B. and Thoren M.A. (2001). Effects of water sulfate concentration on per-formance, water intake, and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 2941-2948.
López A., Arroquy J.I. and Distel R.A. (2016). Early exposure to and subsequent beef cattle performance with saline water. Livest. Sci. 185, 68-73.
Mahdy C.I., Boaru A., Popescu S. and Borda C. (2016). Water Quality, Essential Condition Sustaining the Health, Produc-tion, Reproduction in Cattle-A review. Bull. UASVM Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 73(2), 113-125.
Marín U. (2022). Evaluación de los recursos hídricos en explo-taciones de ganadería extensiva del suroeste ibérico. Ph D. Thesis. Extremadura Univ., Spanish.
Masters D.G., Benes S.E. and Norman H.C. (2007). Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 119, 234-248.
Matto C., Artía L., Belassi S. and Rivero R. (2015). Descripción de un foco de urolitiasis obstructiva obstructiva en un corral de engorde de bovinos. Veterinaria. 51, 3-13.
Mcallister T.A. and Topp E. (2012). Role of livestock in microbi-ological contamination of water: Commonly the blame, but not always the source. Anim. Front. 2, 17-27.
Mcgregor B.A. (2004). Water quality and provision for goats. A report for the Rural Industries research and Development Cor-poration. RIRDC Publication, Barton, Australia.
Mdletshe Z.M., Chimonyo M., Marufu M.C. and Nsahlai I.V. (2017). Effects of saline water consumption on physiological responses in Nguni goats. Small Rumin. Res. 153, 209-211.
Meehan M., Stokka G. and Mostrom M. (2021). Livestock Water Quality. Fargo, North Dakota State University, Dakota, USA.
Mengistu U.L., Puchala R., Sahlu T., Gipson T.A., Dawson L.J. and Goetsch A.L. (2016). Comparison of different levels and lengths of restricted drinking water availability and measure-ment times with Katahdin sheep and Boer and Spanish goat wethers. Small Rumin. Res. 144, 320-333.
Morgan S.E. (2011). Water quality for cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. 27, 285-295.
Niles G.A. (2017). Toxicoses of the ruminant nervous system. Vet. Clin. North Am. 33, 111-138.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Olkowski A.A. (2009). Livestock Water Quality: A Field Guide for Cattle, Horses, Poultry and Swine. University of Sas-katchewan. Ph D. Thesis. University of Saskatche-wan/Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada.
Patterson T. and Johnson P. (2003). Effects of water quality on beef cattle. Pp. 121-128 in Proc. 18th the Range Beef Cow Symp., Mitchell, Nebraska.
Pereira M.L. and Ramírez B.D.G. (2021). Nitratos y nitritos, la doble cara de la moneda. Rev. Nutr. Clin. Metab. 4(1), 1-16.
Petersen M.K., Muscha J.M., Mulliniks J.T. and Roberts A.J. (2016). Water temperature impacts water consumption by range cattle in winter. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 4297-4306.
Pullés M.R. (2014). Microorganismos indicadores de la calidad del agua potable en cuba. Rev. CENIC Cienc. Biol. 45(1), 25-36.
Quintuña A.B.C. and Faicán R.P.F. (2019). Efecto de la calidad y cantidad de agua administrada a los bovinos de leche y su relación con el bienestar animal. Rev. Ecuatoriana Cienc. Anim. 3, 176-187.
Raisbeck M., BS S., Jackson R., Smith M., Reddy K.J. and BS J. (2008). Water Quality for Wyoming Livestock and Wildlife. A Review of the Literature Pertaining to the Health Effects of Inorganic Contaminants. University of Wyoming, Laramie. DCN CWT00481.
Ramírez M.A., Martínez A. and Robles C.A. (2020). Urolitiasis en pequeños rumiantes (review). Rev. Cient. FAV-UNRC Ab In-tus. 5, 112-122.
Renter D.G., Sargeant J.M., Oberst R.D. and Samadpour M. (2003). Diversity, frequency, and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 strains from range cattle environments. Appl. Envi-ron. Microbiol. 69, 542-547.
Ríos-Tobón S., Agudelo-Cadavid R.M. and Gutiérrez-Builes L.A. (2017). Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública. 35, 236-247.
Schoeman S.J. and Visser J.A. (1995). Water intake and consump-tion in sheep differing in growth potential and adaptability. South African J. Sci. 25, 75-79.
Sharma A., Kundu S.S., Tariq H., Kewalramani N. and Yadav R.K. (2017). Impact of total dissolved solids in drinking water on nutrient utilization and growth performance of Murrah buf-falo calves. Livest. Sci. 198, 17-23.
Shere J.A., Kaspar C.W., Bartlett K.J., Linden S.E., Norell B., Francey S. and Schaefer D.M. (2002). Shedding of Es-cherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle housed in a confined environment following waterborne inoculation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1947-1954.
Trheebilcock P.E. and Montoya H.J.A. (2018). Concentraciones de nitratos en Brachiaria sp y su relación con la metahemoglo-binemia bovina en fincas ganaderas de Córdoba. Instituto Co-lombiano Agropecuario. WebMD. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/22769 Accessed Dec. 2022.
Tsukahara Y., Puchala R., Sahlu T. and Goetsch A.L. (2016). Effects of level of brackish water on feed intake, digestion, heat energy, and blood constituents of growing Boer and Spanish goat wethers. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 3864-3874.
Tuells I.G. and Erviti N.E. (2016). Determinación e interpretación de calidad de agua destinadas a uso ganadero. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Available at: https://repo.unlpam.edu.ar/handle/unlpam/1642 Accessed Oct. 2022.
Umar S., Munir M.T., Azeem T., Ali S., Umar W., Rehman A. and Shah M. (2014). Effects of water quality on productivity and performance of livestock: A mini review. Veterinaria. 2, 11-15.
Undersander D., Combs D., Shaver R., Schaefer D. and Thomas D. (2016). Nitrate poisoning in cattle sheep and goats. Univer-sity of Wisconsin-Extension. Available at: https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/forage/files/2016/09/NITRATE-revised.pdf Accessed May. 2023.
Urías-Estrada J.D., Estrada-Angulo A., Castro-Pérez B.I., Plas-cencia A., Perea-Domínguez X.P., Barreras A., Corona-Gochi L. and Zinn R.A. (2021). Partial replacement of broom sor-ghum panicle residue and tallow with whole cottonseed in growing-finishing diets for lambs. J. Hellenic Vet. Med. Soc. 73, 4153-4158.
Van Donkersgoed J., Berg J., Potter A., Hancock D., Besser T., Rice D., LeJeune J. and Klashinsky S. (2001). Environmental sources and transmission of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Canadian Vet. J. 42, 714-720.
Walker F. (2021). Evaluación de la aptitud del agua para consumo animal. Pp. 42-84 in Manual de Buenas prácticas para el Uso del Agua para Ganadería. D. Sosa and E. Diaz, Eds., Instituto Nacional del Agua y Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ar-gentina, USA.
Wang H.B., Wu Y.H., Luo L.W., Yu T., Xu A., Xue S., Chen G.Q., Ni X.Y., Peng L., Chen Z., Wang Y.H., Tong X., Bai Y., Xu Y.Q. and Hu H.Y. (2021). Risks, characteristics, and control strategies of disinfection-residual-bacteria (DRB) from the perspective of microbial community structure. Water Res. 204, 117606.
Wilson A.D. (1966). The tolerance of sheep to sodium chloride in food or drinking water. Australian J. Agric. Res. 17(4), 503-514.
Whaley J., Froehlich K. and Carroll H. (2022). Sheep Water Re-quirements and Quality Testing (H-4). South Dakota State University, Dakota, USA.
Zinn R.A., Alvarez E., Mendez M., Montaño M., Ramirez E., and Shen Y. (1997). Influence of dietary sulfur level on growth performance and digestive function in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 75, 1723-1728.
Yousfi I., Ben Salem H., Aouadi D. and Abidi S. (2016). Effect of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate or sodium nitrite in drinking water on intake, digestion, growth rate, carcass traits and meat quality of Barbarine lamb. Small Rumin. Res. 143, 43-52.
Zinn R.A., Barreras A., Owens F.N. and Plascencia A. (2008). Performance by feedlot steers and heifers: ADG, mature weight, DMI and dietary energetics. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 1-10.
