Presenting Architectural Solutions to Improve Social Skills of Working Children
سارا سلیمانی
1
(
استاد یار،گروه معماری،دانشکده هنر ومعماری،دانشگاه کردستان،ایران کردستان
)
Babak Khorshidi
2
(
Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
)
shiva emami
3
(
Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
)
کلید واژه: Working Children, Architectural Spaces, Social Skills, Playability, Naturalism,
چکیده مقاله :
Working children, like any other child, must learn skills that are necessary for childhood in order to communicate with society and develop their personalities and emotions. Children who work typically cannot learn these skills because of their living circumstances. The current study aimed to provide a suitable environment and context for the improvement of children's social relations in educational and care centers by providing workable solutions that are appropriate to the morals and social needs of working children to improve their social ability and skills. This is because one of the most influential factors in learning and improving children's skills is providing an environment in harmony with the needs of children in line with that skill. This was an applied, descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and qualitative, and was performed using direct and non-interventional field observation coding. According to the results, factors such as playability of the environment, a sense of security, environmental attraction, event-ability, proper furniture, curiosity about space, connection to nature, breadth of vision and scenery, permeability, climatic comfort, a sense of belonging and space flexibility affected the improvement of working children’s social skills. Meanwhile, playability of the environment and connection to nature played the most important role in the formation of social behaviors and the improvement of social skills in working children.
چکیده انگلیسی :
Aghajani, T., Vakil Jabbarov, R., & Mustafayev, M. (2014). The effect of playing on children’s social skills (Case of study: Preschool children in Tehran). Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies, 6(3), 97-104. (In Persian)
Akbarzadeh, D., Hovida, F., Galegiroasan, N., & Mesrabadi, J. (2015). Comparison of social skill, impatience and sleep problems among normal students and students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Studies in Medical Sciences, 25(12), 1067-1075. (In Persian)
Ali, N. (2011). The vulnerability and resilience of street children. Global Studies of Childhood, 1(3), 260-264.
Ali, M., Shahab, S., Ushijima, H., & de Muynck, A. (2004). Street children in Pakistan: A situational analysis of social conditions and nutritional status. Social Science & Medicine, 59(8), 1707-1717.
Aptekar, L., & Abebe, B. (1997). Conflict in the neighborhood: Street and working children in the public space. Childhood, 4(4), 477-490.
Arghiani, M., & Shakeri, M. (2021). The Role of Built Environments in Student Interactions at School. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33), 1-14. (In Persian)
Athey, I. (2018). Contributions of play to development. In Child's play (pp. 8-28). Routledge.
Bayat, M., Akbarsharifi, T., Jeirani, M. N., Shahrivar, Z., & Haghani, H. (2006). Behavioral problems of children at age of 7-11 years old in foster care centers. Iran Journal of Nursing, 19(46), 53-60. (In Persian)
Bouzendan, A. (2019). The effect of child centered play therapy based on nature on attention and aggression of children with asperger disorder (a single case study). Journal of pediatric nursing, 5(3), 59-67.
Connolly, J. A., & Doyle, A. B. (1984). Relation of social fantasy play to social competence in preschoolers. Developmental psychology, 20(5), 797.
Daneshpour, A., & Charkhchyan, M. (2007). Public spaces and factors affecting collective life. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-E Nazar, 4(7), 19-28. (In Persian)
Davoudi, I., Kascani, R. M., & Honarmand, M. M. (2014). Social skill, life satisfaction and locus of control in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired students. Audiology, 23(2). (In Persian)
Dudek, M. (2005). Children's spaces. Routledge.
Fassa, A.G., Facchini, L.A., Mór DallAgnol, M., Christisni, D.C. (2000). Child Labor and Health: Problem and Perspectives. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 6 (1): 55-62.
Ferguson, K. M. (2005). Child labor and social capital in the mezzosystem: family-and community-based risk and protective factors for street-working children in Mexico. Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation, 6(1), 101.
Ghalambor Dezfuly, M., & Naghizadeh, M. (2014). Urban Design in the Context of Social Interaction Enhancement (Case Study: Street between Neighborhoods). Hoviatshahr, 8(17), 15-24. (In Persian)
Green, K. D., Forehand, R. L., Beck, S. J., & Vosk, B. (1980). An assessment of the relationship among measures of children's social competence and children's academic achievement. Child Development, 51(4), 1149–1156.
Ghorbani Param, A. (2022). Designing a social and educational form and environment for child labor in Tehran’s 22 district. Sociological Studies of Youth, 13(46), 85-104. (In Persian)
Herrington, S., & Lesmeister, C. (2006). The design of landscapes at child-care centres: Seven Cs. Landscape Research, 31(1), 63-82.
Hojat, I., & Shahhosseini, S. (2018). Redefinition of children’s play space Based on evaluation and analysis of their needs from play space With enhancing creativity approach. Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran, 8(15), 41-58. (In Persian)
Hosseini, H. (2004). The situation of working and street children in Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly, 5(19), 155-174. (In Persian)
Hughes, F. P. (2021). Children, play, and development. SAGE publications.
Kathuria, T., & kumar Pandya, A. (2020). Listen, I am too responsible! Effect of schooling on sense of trust, responsibility and belongingness to the community of children working on the street in Chandigarh City, India. JCYSR, 119 (2020) 105527.
Khan, S., & Hesketh, T. (2010). Deteriorating situation for street children in Pakistan: a consequence of war. Archives of disease in childhood, 95(8), 655-657.
Khodabakhshian, M., & Taghizade, S. (2020). Guidelines for Designing an Effective Learning Complex for Child Labors (Case Study: City of Isfahan). International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 10(3), 13-24. (In Persian)
Khoramshad, M. (2019). Preparation principle for Mohallah Playground Design, With Emphasis on Revival of Irainian Native Games; Case Study: Mohallah of Bagh-feyz in Tehran. Iranian Islamic city studies, 36(36), 23. (In Persian)
Lewis, Jill Boucher, Laura Lupton, Samantha Watson, V. (2000). Relationships between symbolic play, functional play, verbal and non-verbal ability in young children. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 35(1), 117-127.
Lerup, L. (1972). Environmental and behavioral congruence as a measure of goodness in public space: The case of Stockholm. Ekistics, 341-358.
Lillard, A. S. (2017). Why do the children (pretend) play?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(11), 826-834.
Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., De Vries, S., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(7), 587.
Matlabi, G., Zarghami, E., & Saadat Vakhar, P. (2018). The Role of Open Space Legibility in Creating Social Interactions in Residential Complexes. Iranian Architecture and Urbanism, 9(16), 139-156.
McDevitt, T. M., Ormrod, J. E., Cupit, G., Chandler, M., & Aloa, V. (2012). Child development and education. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Mayberry, M. L., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Associations among empathy, social competence, & reactive/proactive aggression subtypes. Journal of youth and adolescence, 36, 787-798.
Moradi, A., Sajjadi, H., Mohaqeqikamal, S. H., Vameqi, M., Hosseini Teshnizi, S., & Qaedamini, Q. R. (2016). A study of labor children's social health referring to non-govermental organization in support of children's rights in Tehran in 2014. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 14(11), 977-988. (In Persian)
Norðdahl, K., & Jóhannesson, I. Á. (2015). Children's outdoor environment in icelandic educational policy. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 59(1), 1-23.
Newland, L. A., Roggman, L. A., & Boyce, L. K. (2001). The development of social toy play and language in infancy☆. Infant Behavior and Development, 24(1), 1-25.
Pasalar.celen (2003). The effects of spatial layout on students interactions in middle schools: Multiple case analysis. Unpublished thesis for degree of doctor of philosophy faculty of North Carolina state University.
Pellenq, C., Gunn, S., Lima, L. (2021). The psychological health and well-being of children working in the brick industry: A comparative study. JSS, 140 (2021) 105251.
Rashidian, A., Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Khosravi, A., Elahi, E., Beheshtian, M., Shakibazadeh, E., ... & Zakeri, M. R. (2014). Iran's multiple indicator demographic and health survey-2010: Study protocol. International journal of preventive medicine, 5(5), 632. (In Persian)
Soleimani, S., Molanaei, S., Khorshidi, B., Nedaei, C., & Ghamari, H. (2023). Investigating the Conceptual Model of Child–Nature Interaction in Architectural Spaces Using Grounded Theory. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 19375867231207846.
Stuart,G.W.,& Sundeen,S.J.(1995).Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Fifth Edition, St.Louis: Mosby.
Subramanyam, Y. S. (2016). Child porters: Psychosocial profile of street children. The Indian Journal of Social Work, 51(4), 577-582.
Tabarsy, B., M. A. Cheraghi, S. H. Pashaeypoor, and S. A. Sadat Hoseini. "A concept analysis of self-concept in street child laborers." Iran Journal of Nursing 30, no. 109 (2017): 54-66. (In Persian)
Tabatabaian, M., Abbasalizadeh Rezakolai, S., & Fayaz, R. (2017). The Effect of Natural Environment on Children’s Creativity. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 9(17), 91-102. (In Persian)
Taylor, A. F., & Butts-Wilmsmeyer, C. (2020). Self-regulation gains in kindergarten related to frequency of green schoolyard use. Journal of environmental psychology, 70, 101440.
UNICEF (2001). A study of street children in Zimbabve. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase /index_14411.html
Vameghi, M., Dejman, M., Rafiey, H., & Roshanfekr, P. (2015). Rapid Assessment of Tehran's Street Children Situation, 1393: Factors and Risks of children's Street Working. JQSSRI, 4(1), 33-57.
Ward, C. L., & Seager, J. R. (2010). South African street children: A survey and recommendations for services. Development Southern Africa, 27(1), 85-100.
World Food Program, United Nations Children's Fund, and United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (2001) ,Rapid Situation Assessment Report On The situation of street children in Cairo and Alexandria, including the children's drug abuse and health/nutritional status, Cairo.