Pollution and environmental risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in surface sediments of Zayandeh-Rood River, Isfahan Province, Iran
محورهای موضوعی : Research paperRaed Shwetir Marwah 1 , Atefeh Chamani 2
1 - Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2 - Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Waste and Wastewater Research Center ,Isfahan (khorasgan)Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Isfahan ,Iran. *Corresponding Author Email: a.chamani@khuisf.ac.ir
کلید واژه: Sediment, Agricultural activities, pollution index, Potentially toxic element,
چکیده مقاله :
The Zayandeh-Rood River (Isfahan Province, Iran) is of vital importance as a water source for various purposes, but it is facing adverse effects from human activities. This study focused on the surface sediment of 21 stations along the river to assess the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and their environmental risk using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). The mean concentration of the PTEs (mg/kg) was ranked as follows: Cd (0.34)< As (9.73)< Pb (10.95)< Co (11.91)< Cu (31.14)< Ni (31.90)< Zn (61.33)< Cr (96.95)< V (125.09)< Mn (707.76). Positive correlation coefficients were found among all the PTEs, while their relationships with the sediment physicochemical characteristics varied considerably, indicating that various interacting factors might influence the deposition and mobility of PTEs in the river. The river was classified as having moderate to low contamination (Igeo index) and minimal-to-moderate enrichment (EF index) except for Cd and As which exhibited extremely high enrichment and strong pollution in the upstream zone, where agricultural activities dominate. Therefore, managing agricultural practices and reducing the excessive use of PTE-containing pesticides and insecticides should be a primary focus to protect the Zayandeh-Rood River from further contamination.
Ajami, F.,Fataei, E., (2015) Determination of Heavy Metals level (lead, cadmium, chrome) in waters of Meshkinshahr River for agricultural use, Advances in Bioresearch, 6(3):12-15
APHA, A.P.H.A., 2005. APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. APHA Washington DC, USA.
Asgarian, A., Soffianian, A., Pourmanafi, S., 2016. Crop type mapping in a highly fragmented and heterogeneous agricultural landscape: A case of central Iran using multi-temporal Landsat 8 imagery. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127, 531-540.
Bagheri, H., Alinejad, S., DarvishBastami, K., 2011. Heavy Metals (Co, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn) in Sediment of Gorganrud River, Iran. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 5 (2), 147-151.
Bartoli, G., Papa, S., Sagnella, E., Fioretto, A., 2012. Heavy metal content in sediments along the Calore river: relationships with physical–chemical characteristics. Journal of Environmental Management 95, S9-S14.
Bowen, H.J.M., 1979. Environmental chemistry of the elements. Academic Press.
Buat-Ménard, P., 1979. Influence de la retombée atmosphérique sur la chimie des métaux en trace dans la matière en suspension de l'Atlantique Nord.
CCME, 2001. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, CCME.
CCME, C., 2001. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.
Dehkordi, S.K., Paknejad, H., Blaha, L., Svecova, H., Grabic, R., Simek, Z., Otoupalikova, A., Bittner, M., 2021. Instrumental and bioanalytical assessment of pharmaceuticals and hormone-like compounds in a major drinking water source—wastewater receiving Zayandeh Rood river, Iran. Environmental science and pollution research, 1-15.
Diagomanolin, V., Farhang, M., Ghazi-Khansari, M., Jafarzadeh, N., 2004. Heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu) in the karoon waterway river, Iran. Toxicology letters 151 (1), 63-67.
Engwa, G.A., Ferdinand, P.U., Nwalo, F.N., Unachukwu, M.N., 2019. Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans. Poisoning in the modern world-new tricks for an old dog 10, 70-90.
Haidar, Z., Fatema, K., Shoily, S.S., Sajib, A.A., 2023. Disease-associated metabolic pathways affected by heavy metals and metalloid. Toxicology Reports.
Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research 14 (8), 975-1001.
Kabata-Pendias, A., 2000. Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press.
Karimian, S., Chamani, A., Shams, M., 2020. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the Zayandeh-Rud River as the only permanent river in the central plateau of Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment 192 (5).
Khatun, J., Intekhab, A., Dhak, D., 2022. Effect of uncontrolled fertilization and heavy metal toxicity associated with arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and possible remediation. Toxicology, 153274.
Li, Y., Chen, H., Teng, Y., 2020. Source apportionment and source-oriented risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of an urban river-lake system. Science of the Total Environment 737, 140310.
Li, Y., Zhou, Q., Ren, B., Luo, J., Yuan, J., Ding, X., Bian, H., Yao, X., 2020. Trends and health risks of dissolved heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water from 1970 to 2017. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 251, 1-24.
Liu, X., Jiang, J., Yan, Y., Dai, Y., Deng, B., Ding, S., Su, S., Sun, W., Li, Z., Gan, Z., 2018. Distribution and risk assessment of metals in water, sediments, and wild fish from Jinjiang River in Chengdu, China. Chemosphere 196, 45-52.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental management 19 (1), 81-97.
Madani, K., AghaKouchak, A., Mirchi, A., 2016. Iran’s socio-economic drought: challenges of a water-bankrupt nation. Iranian studies 49 (6), 997-1016.
Malvandi, H., 2017. Preliminary evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the Zarrin-Gol River sediments, Iran. Marine pollution bulletin 117 (1-2), 547-553.
Miranda, L.S., Ayoko, G.A., Egodawatta, P., Hu, W.-P., Ghidan, O., Goonetilleke, A., 2021. Physico-chemical properties of sediments governing the bioavailability of heavy metals in urban waterways. Science of the Total Environment 763, 142984.
Muller, G., 1979. Schwermetalle in den sediments des Rheins-Veran-derngren seitt. 1971. Umschan 79, 778-783.
Nasrabadi, T., Bidhendi, G.N., Karbassi, A., Mehrdadi, N., 2010. Evaluating the efficiency of sediment metal pollution indices in interpreting the pollution of Haraz River sediments, southern Caspian Sea basin. Environmental monitoring and assessment 171 (1-4), 395-410.
Pacle Decena, S.C., Sanita Arguelles, M., Liporada Robel, L., 2018. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments in an Urban River in the Philippines. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27 (5).
Proshad, R., Islam, S., Tusher, T.R., Zhang, D., Khadka, S., Gao, J., Kundu, S., 2021. Appraisal of heavy metal toxicity in surface water with human health risk by a novel approach: a study on an urban river in vicinity to industrial areas of Bangladesh. Toxin reviews 40 (4), 803-819.
Ra, K., Kim, J.-K., Hong, S.H., Yim, U.H., Shim, W.J., Lee, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-O., Lim, J., Kim, E.-S., Kim, K.-T., 2014. Assessment of pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Ulsan Bay, Korea. Ocean Science Journal 49 (3), 279-289.
Rahman, M.S., Saha, N., Molla, A.H., Al-Reza, S.M., 2014. Assessment of anthropogenic influence on heavy metals contamination in the aquatic ecosystem components: water, sediment, and fish. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 23 (4), 353-373.
Roviello, V., Gilhen-Baker, M., Roviello, G.N., Lichtfouse, E., 2022. River therapy. Environmental Chemistry Letters 20 (5), 2729-2734.
Sahoo, K., Sharma, A., 2023. Understanding the mechanistic roles of environmental heavy metal stressors in regulating ferroptosis: Adding new paradigms to the links with diseases. Apoptosis 28 (3-4), 277-292.
Santschi, P.H., Presley, B.J., Wade, T.L., Garcia-Romero, B., Baskaran, M., 2001. Historical contamination of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, and heavy metals in Mississippi river Delta, Galveston bay and Tampa bay sediment cores. Marine Environmental Research 52 (1), 51-79.
Sayadi, M., Sayyed, M., Kumar, S., 2010. Short-term accumulative signatures of heavy metals in river bed sediments in the industrial area, Tehran, Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment 162 (1-4), 465-473.
Shahradnia, H., Chamani, A., Zamanpoore, M., 2022. Linking river sediment arsenic to catchment spatial attributes in agricultural landscapes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29 (2), 2830-2838.
Shrestha, R., Ban, S., Devkota, S., Sharma, S., Joshi, R., Tiwari, A.P., Kim, H.Y., Joshi, M.K., 2021. Technological trends in heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9 (4), 105688.
Strady, E., Dinh, Q.T., Némery, J., Nguyen, T.N., Guédron, S., Nguyen, N.S., Denis, H., Nguyen, P.D., 2017. Spatial variation and risk assessment of trace metals in water and sediment of the Mekong Delta. Chemosphere 179, 367-378.
Sutherland, R.A., 2002. Comparison between non-residual Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn released by a three-step sequential extraction procedure and a dilute hydrochloric acid leach for soil and road deposited sediment. Applied Geochemistry 17 (4), 353-365.
Tashakkor, S., Chamani, A., Nadoushan, M.A., Moshtaghie, M., 2020. Acoustics in urban parks: Does the structure of narrow urban parks matter in designing a calmer urban landscape? Frontiers of Earth Science 14, 512-521.
Taylor, S.R., 1964. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta 28 (8), 1273-1285.
Tian, K., Wu, Q., Liu, P., Hu, W., Huang, B., Shi, B., Zhou, Y., Kwon, B.-O., Choi, K., Ryu, J., 2020. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water from the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Environment international 136, 105512.
Tomlinson, D., Wilson, J., Harris, C., Jeffrey, D., 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer meeresuntersuchungen 33 (1), 566.
Turekian, K.K., Wedepohl, K.H., 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological society of America bulletin 72 (2), 175-192.
Walkley, A., Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science 37 (1), 29-38.
Wang, J., Liu, G., Lu, L., Liu, H., 2016. Metal distribution and bioavailability in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Environmental monitoring and assessment 188, 1-13.
Xiao, H., Shahab, A., Xi, B., Chang, Q., You, S., Li, J., Sun, X., Huang, H., Li, X., 2021. Heavy metal pollution, ecological risk, spatial distribution, and source identification in sediments of the Lijiang River, China. Environmental Pollution 269, 116189.
Yang, S., Qu, Y., Ma, J., Liu, L., Wu, H., Liu, Q., Gong, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., 2020. Comparison of the concentrations, sources, and distributions of heavy metal (loid) s in agricultural soils of two provinces in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environmental pollution 264, 114688.
Zhao, H., Lin, Y., Delang, C.O., Ma, Y., Zhou, J., He, H., (2022). Contribution of soil erosion to the evolution of the plateau-plain-delta system in the Yellow River basin over the past 10,000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 601, 111133.
Putri, N. A. ., Hindersah, R. ., & Suryatmana, P. . (2023). Effect of cow manure on instead mon the growth of water spinach in gold mine tailings. Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 10(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.18488/cras.v10i1.3414.
Zheng, R., Zhao, S., Khayyatnezhad, M. & Shah, S. A. (2021). Comparative study and genetic diversity in Salvia (Lamiaceae) using RAPD Molecular Markers. Caryologia, 74, 45-56.
Zhu, K., Liu, L., Li, S., Li, B., Khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. (2021). Morphological method and molecular marker determine genetic diversity and population structure in Allochrusa. Caryologia, 74, 121-130.
Gazijahani, F. S., Hosseinzadeh, H., Tagizadeghan, N., & Salehi, J. (2017, 19-20 April 2017). A new point estimate method for stochastic optimal operation of smart distribution systems considering demand response programs. Paper presented at the 2017 Conference on Electrical Power Distribution Networks Conference (EPDC).
Hosseinzadeh, H., Jabbari, A., & Razani, A. (2013). Fixed-Point Theorems and Common Fixed-Point Theorems on Spaces Equipped With Vector-Valued Metrics. Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, 65(5), 814-822. doi:10.1007/s11253-013-0819-1
Sadeghi, B., Shafaghatian, N., Alayi, R., El Haj Assad, M., Zishan, F., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). Optimization of synchronized frequency and voltage control for a distributed generation system using the Black Widow Optimization algorithm. Clean Energy, 6(1), 105-118.