The role of the technology in the exercise: utilization of wearable technology and digital sport
محورهای موضوعی : Exercise Physiology and Performance
Mohammad-Hossein Beigi
1
(Silicon Hall: Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, Ontario, Canada.)
Fatemeh Zahra Abdollahi
2
(Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.)
کلید واژه: Exercise, Athletic Training, Advancement Of Technology, Monitoring Training Activities,
چکیده مقاله :
The scientific community has consistently shown interest in exercise research due to its broad use in areas such as athletic training, health enhancement, and illness prevention. Over the course of several years, a variety of methods have been employed to examine the various physiological adaptations that are brought about by exercise stimulus. Technology in the realm of sports is rapidly evolving, with current technologies surpassing the capabilities and functionalities that were envisioned merely a few years ago. In this review, we presented the role of the utilization of wearable technology for monitoring training activities. Moreover, we discussed the field of sport science has undergone significant transformations in the contemporary era of digital sport.
The scientific community has consistently shown interest in exercise research due to its broad use in areas such as athletic training, health enhancement, and illness prevention. Over the course of several years, a variety of methods have been employed to examine the various physiological adaptations that are brought about by exercise stimulus. Technology in the realm of sports is rapidly evolving, with current technologies surpassing the capabilities and functionalities that were envisioned merely a few years ago. In this review, we presented the role of the utilization of wearable technology for monitoring training activities. Moreover, we discussed the field of sport science has undergone significant transformations in the contemporary era of digital sport.
Abstract:
The scientific community has consistently shown interest in exercise research due to its broad use in areas such as athletic training, health enhancement, and illness prevention. Over the course of several years, a variety of methods have been employed to examine the various physiological adaptations that are brought about by exercise stimulus. Technology in the realm of sports is rapidly evolving, with current technologies surpassing the capabilities and functionalities that were envisioned merely a few years ago. In this review, we presented the role of the utilization of wearable technology for monitoring training activities. Moreover, we discussed the field of sport science has undergone significant transformations in the contemporary era of digital sport.
Keywords: Exercise, Athletic Training, Advancement Of Technology, Monitoring Training Activities.
Introduction:
The advancement of technology in the field of sports is progressing at a rapid pace, with contemporary technologies exhibiting capabilities and functionalities that were previously only envisioned a few years ago. In previous times, the analysis of gymnasts' movements was limited to film recordings, offering only a restricted level of detail. However, contemporary advancements have enabled gymnasts to utilize motion sensor-equipped suits [2] to capture and document their motions. The analysis of an athlete's motion in three-dimensional space can be extensively studied using kinematic models. Analogous instances could be identified within various other sporting disciplines. In recent years, there has been an emergence of affordable wearable monitoring devices and gadgets that are designed to track activity levels, which have been offered to the consumer market. Gadgets, such as wristbands, smartwatches, or pendants, provide statistical measurements and track occurrences of specific physical activities. As an illustration, individuals engage in the quantification of daily step or stair counts, alongside the capability to identify instances of falling, approximate the quality of sleep, and assess levels of stress. These devices often capture the user's movements or physiological processes with low frequency and precision, which ultimately proves sufficient for their intended use. On the other spectrum of sporting technology are intricate and costly systems that effectively collect and analyze substantial volumes of data in parallel. An illustrative instance is the implementation of a system designed to facilitate the instantaneous monitoring of a football match, as well as the subsequent analysis of training sessions [3].
The majority of technological applications in the realm of sports can be categorized as falling within the intersection of the two aforementioned divisions. Smartphones constitute significant components of technological devices. Virtually all contemporary smartphones are equipped with a diverse array of sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, microphones, GPS, cameras, magnetometers, and more. Furthermore, smartphones are equipped with various feedback mechanisms such as loudspeakers, screens, and vibration features. Due to the substantial processing capabilities possessed by smartphones, they can be effectively utilized for the execution of autonomous mobile apps [4]. This implies that the smartphone collects activity parameters, performs calculations, and provides feedback via one of its feedback mechanisms. According to professionals in the field of sports, feedback is considered to be the most crucial factor in the process of learning, second only to the act of practicing itself [5]. During the course of practice, individuals receive inherent feedback information internally through their human sense organs. Augmented feedback is typically delivered by other entities such as instructors and trainers. Contemporary technological apparatus has the capacity to assist both the performer and the instructor by offering further feedback data that cannot be acquired through conventional observation techniques. The acquisition of motor skills is a fundamental component in the development of proficiency in various physical activities, ranging from basic locomotion such as walking to more complex forms of movement like ballet.
The significance of physical activity is progressively growing in our society. Physical fitness is an indispensable and obligatory component of a well-balanced lifestyle, and its undeniable role in enhancing our overall welfare is well acknowledged. The definition of sport as a form of physical exercise engaged in during one's leisure time may no longer hold true. The spare time physical activity can be broadly classified into three main categories: recreational sport or recreation, amateur sport, and professional sport. Each of the three categories possesses a distinct position within society and encompasses individuals with diverse objectives. However, a shared characteristic across all individuals is the necessity and inclination to quantify their physical activity [1]. It appears that the inclination towards comparison, quantification, and rivalry is inherent to human nature. Sport serves as an ideal platform for all of the aforementioned purposes. A direct comparison is considered the most easy method and does not require any technological assistance. In the context of direct comparison, it is quite straightforward to ascertain the relative speed, throwing distance, strength, and similar attributes between individuals. In addition, it is necessary to employ a kind of quantification that is predominantly facilitated through technological methods in the majority of instances. This includes activities such as determining the duration of a run, assessing the distance covered in a leap, and tracking the velocity of a tennis serve. These technologies have been in use for a significant duration and are commonly employed in both instructional and competitive settings. For instance, a rudimentary manually controlled stopwatch is commonly employed to track and assess activities and advancements throughout training sessions across various sports disciplines.
The equipment may range from a rudimentary baseball bat to an intricate Formula 1 automobile. In the realm of intricate sporting equipment, technology has consistently been a pivotal factor in attaining a competitive edge over adversaries. As an illustration, a bobsled that possesses higher technological capabilities has the potential to prevail against a bobsled with weaker technological attributes, even in cases when the latter crew may not possess comparable skill or expertise. Technological advancements are increasingly being integrated into basic sporting equipment. Various manufacturers in the sport equipment industry have introduced a range of intelligent sport equipment, including smart tennis rackets, smart basketballs, and smart running shoes [6]. Although the development of basic sporting equipment may not necessitate intricate technology, its design can provide challenges due to limitations in size and weight, potential for violent impact (e.g., golf ball), or other factors that may impede the design process. The final goal of any sport training, being recreational, amateur, or professional, is in gaining an advantage. In leisure sports, the primary objective is to enhance overall well-being, fitness, and health. However, in amateur and professional sports, the primary objective is to obtain a competitive edge over opponents. It is expected that a significant proportion of those engaged in recreational sports will express contentment with the utilization of activity tracking devices and smartphone applications. Amateur individuals will also depend on more sophisticated smartwatches and sport watches, along with their corresponding applications. In contrast, competitive athletes endeavor to capitalize on any potential enhancements in their training regimen, execution of movements, and utilization of equipment that may provide them with a competitive edge. Augmented or enhanced motor learning can play a vital role in this endeavor. The utilization and assistance of technology in this context can prove to be particularly significant for individuals lacking access to personal coaching, such as hobbyists.
- The utilization of wearable technology for monitoring training activities:
The concept of internal load in athletics refers to the cumulative impact of both physiological and psychological factors that arise from training exercises. The excessive incorporation of several gadgets and measurements has the potential to disrupt an athlete's training regimen and pose difficulties in the collecting of data. The quantification of internal load holds significant importance as it enables practitioners and coaches to measure the effects of external load and training prescriptions on different physiological systems. Furthermore, it facilitates the customization of training exercises, along with the recognition of potential health hazards and maladaptive responses. The topic of interest pertains to the quantification and evaluation of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. The quantification of heart rate responses to training might be seen as one of the earliest instances of quantifying internal burden. Since the advent of electrocardiography in the early 20th century, the ability to measure heart rate while exercise has been made possible. This advancement has been facilitated by the emergence of wrist-worn heart-rate monitors (HRMs) that communicate with chest bands, a breakthrough that occurred in the 1980s.The number 11. Over the course of time, a multitude of investigations have been undertaken to evaluate the veracity and dependability of these apparatuses, and the overarching consensus is that heart rate monitors (HRMs) employing chest electrodes have the capacity to exhibit both validity and reliability when employed during physically and cognitively demanding activities. The utilization of heart rate monitors (HRMs) has facilitated the creation of diverse training-load indices, which serve to quantify the cardiovascular load encountered by athletes during both training sessions and competitive events. Many of the training-load indices employed in research and practice rely on the assumption of a linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 observed during incremental tests. These indices aim to determine intensity zones and the duration spent in each zone, typically expressed as a percentage of maximum heart rate. Various methods exist to quantify training load using these approaches. The utilization of lightweight wrist photoplethysmography is gaining traction in academic research, however its accuracy and validity have yielded conflicting outcomes.The inclusion of 13 and 14 as potential alternatives could be considered genuine, contingent upon the implementation of precise algorithms that effectively address motion artifacts. This implementation is crucial in order to minimize the mean error of detection to a level below 3%.15 Smart textiles have emerged as a possible avenue for addressing numerous challenges, as they incorporate textile sensors that exhibit a high level of precision across a range of activities.
Currently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is well recognized as a reliable method for evaluating muscle oxygenation in living organisms. Clinical investigations (references 18 and 19) indicate that this technology has the potential to be effectively utilized in several sports disciplines, including water sports.The number 21 is the natural number that follows 20 and precedes 22. The current market trend indicates a rise in the popularity of portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices. However, we posit that with additional technological advancements, these devices could become more affordable, easily accessible, and less intrusive. Furthermore, such advancements could also facilitate prompt feedback. Consequently, this area of research and application holds potential for further exploration into the effects of different training regimens on adaptation. Recent developments in the field of "omics" have indicated the potential to obtain a greater amount of information regarding biological responses to exercise by the analysis of very tiny samples of blood, sweat, and/or urine. The latest advancements in several laboratories have proven the potential capability of integrating ultrathin devices onto human skin.The numbers 26 and 27 are being referred to. Recent validation studies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes regarding the use of epidermal sensors for quantifying biological parameters in vivo during exercise activities28. These findings suggest that the concept of wearable sensing, which has the potential to enhance our comprehension of the body's response to different exercise stimuli, is not implausible. In the absence of more cost-effective and less intrusive technologies and methodologies, our comprehension of the physiological reactions to training will continue to be constrained, hence limiting the potential impact on the daily practices of sport scientists and coaches. One notable advancement is to the integration of electromyographic (EMG) sensors into athletic apparel, enabling the measurement and analysis of muscle activity during physical exertion.The number 29 is the numerical representation of a quantity. Moreover, according to epidermal solutions26, it is proposed that the regular and precise monitoring of muscle activity in athletes during training is feasible.
- The field of sport science has undergone significant transformations in the contemporary era of digital sport.
The utilization of technology-driven digital solutions has the potential to expand the scope of information acquisition beyond the limitations imposed by traditional assessment methods. Advancements in technology have led to the development of compact and precise positioning systems, inertial movement units, and diverse sensors capable of accurately capturing physiological reactions during athletes' training sessions and competitive events. Numerous digital tools are presently employed within the realm of sports practice for diverse objectives. These include the assessment of individual or collective behavior during training or competitions, the establishment of sport-specific benchmarks, and the facilitation of load management, training prescription, and recovery strategies. The collection of comprehensive and complementary data from the daily training and testing process involves the measurement of physiological and performance indicators in sport-specific conditions. The advancement of digital twins, which are models capable of representing an individual's physiological condition, offers personalized decision assistance. This support is conveyed through "digital coaches" that are specifically designed to push individuals to modify their behavior, ultimately leading to enhanced performance. It is vital to recognize that a proficient coach have the ability to discern subtle intricacies that quantitative assessments are incapable of detecting. Information provided by technology can lack the holistic context needed for taking optimal decisions among athletes and coaches. Researchers specializing in the domain of sport physiology and performance are expected to have a significant part in the collaborative efforts necessitated by technologically advanced projects within the realm of sports.
