Application of Graphene Oxide Reinforced Hollow Fibers as a Novel Electromembrane Extraction Method for Quantitative Analysis of Dicyandiamide in Infant Formula
محورهای موضوعی :Maryam Rezaee 1 , Shahram Shoeibi 2 , Kamal Razavi-Azarkhiavi 3 , Mahmoud Ebrahimi 4
1 - Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH), Tehran, Iran
3 - Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
کلید واژه: Infant formula, Dicyandiamide, Electromembrane, Graphen oxide,
چکیده مقاله :
Dicyandiamide (DCD) is a nitrogenous compound which is generally used as a fertilizer, antimicrobial and nitrogen enrichment agent in soil. Grass and drinking water contamination with DCD may lead to presence of the chemical residues in milk and infant formula. The aim of this study was to investigate a rapid, simple and accurate method for quantitation of DCD in infant formula using electromemebrane extraction with reinforced hallow fiber by graphene oxide (GO-EME). The extraction method was optimized by solvent, graphene oxide concentration, voltage, stirring speed, pH and time parameters. After extraction, DCD was analyzed by HPLC coupled with UV/Vis detector. The analytical method validation parameters including accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ were determined to ensure the method's validity.The calibration curve with a correlation ratio of 0.999 was obtained. The recoveries were from 78.0% to 80.0%. The LOD and LOQ were 0.04 mg L-1 and 0.1 mg L-1. This study indicates that the graphen oxide-electromembrane extraction is a simple, accurate and rapid method for determination of DCD in infant formula.
1. Yu H., Tang Y., Zhang G., Wang Z., Gao R., 2015. A new chemiluminescence method for determination of dicyandiamide based on the N-bromosuccinimide–merbromin–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide system. J Lumin. 157, 327-332.
2. Ignacio I., Julio M., Miren A., 2003. Ammonium oxidation kinetics in the presence of nitrification inhibitors DCD and DMPP at various temperatures. J Soil Res. 41, 1177-1183.
3. Lucas G.N., Sri Lanka J., 2013. Dicyandiamide contamination of milk powders. Sri Lanka. J Child Health. 42, 63–64.
4. Jeffrey C., DeVries J.W., Lipp M., Griffiths J.C., Abernethy D.R., 2010. Total protein methods and their potential utility to reduce the risk of food protein adulteration Compr. Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 9(4), 330-357.
5. MacMahona S., Begleya T.H., Diachenkoa G.W., Stromgren S.A., 2012. Microwave-assisted extraction and determination of dicyandiamide residue in infant formula samples by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A. 96, 6877–6882.
6. Rezai M., Akbari-adergani B., Shekarchi M., 2014. Sensitive Detection of Melamine in Infant Milk and Coffee Mate by a Buffer Mediated Extraction and HPLC-PDA Analytical Method. J Chem Health Risks. 4(4), 45–54.
7.Handford C.E., Campbell K., Elliott C.T., 2016. Impacts of Milk Fraud on Food Safety and Nutrition with Special Emphasis on Developing Countries. Comp Rev Food Sci. 15(1), 130-142.
8.Yasuhara K., Yasuhara K., Mitsumori K., Onodera H., Kitaura K., Takahashi M.,1997. Lack of carcinogenicity of cyanoguanidine in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 35(5), 475-480.
9. Urbanyi T., Walter A., 1971. IR Determination of Trace Quantities of Dicyandiamide and Cyanamide in Guanidine Sulfate. J Pharm Sci. 60(11), 1699-1701.
10. Hao W., Arvanitoyannis I.S., Wen Sun D., 2018. Trends in Food Authentication. Modern Techniques for Food Authentication (Second Edition), chapter 18, Academic Press, 731-758.
11. Chen X., Chen W., Wang Ji., Huang L., Zhang Do., 2013. Determination of dicyandiamide in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. A. 31, 875-877.
12. Abernethy G., Higgs K., 2013. Rapid detection of economic adulterants in fresh milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 3(1288), 10-20.
13. Draher J., Ehling S., Cellar N., Reddy T., Henion J., Sousou N., 2016. Determination of emerging nitrogenous economic adulterants in milk proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography/compact mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30(11), 1265–1272.
14. Huayu Z., Wenle Z., Yuyan F. L., 2014. Bing Simultaneous determination of melamine and dicyandiamide in milk by UV spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Anal. Methods. 6(15), 5865-5871.
15. Qiu H., Sun D., Gunatilake S.R., She J., Mlsna T. E., 2015. Analysis of trace dicyandiamide in stream water using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography UV spectrometry. J.E.S. 3, 538 – 542.
16. Han C., Zhou X., Chen X., Huang F., Zhu Z., 2013. Microwave-assisted extraction and determination of dicyandiamide residue in infant formula samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci. 96, 1–6.
17. Hummers W.S., Offeman R.E., 1958. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. Am Chem Soc. 80(6), 1339–1339.
18. Sundrarajan M., suresh J., rajiv gandhi R., 2012. Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles by Wet Chemical Method and its Antibacterial Activity. J Sci Tech Adva Material. 678, 983 – 989.
19. Zhang T., Zhang D., Shen MA., 2009. Low-cost method for preliminary separation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheet. J Mater Lett. 63, 2051- 2054.
20. Bjergaard P., Huang C., Gjelstad A., 2017. Electromembrane extraction–Recent trends and where to go. J Pharm Anal. 7(3), 141–147.
21. Huang C., Fredrik K., Gjelstad A., Bjergaard P., 2015. Electromembrane Extraction from Biological Fluids. J Pharm. Biomed Anal. 27(10), 97-107.
22. Balchen M., Reubsaet L., Bjergaard S.P., 2008. Two-phase electrodriven membrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants in aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A. 6(21), 43–149.
23. Gjelstad A., Rasmussen K., Bjergaard P., 2007. Simulation of flux during electro-membrane extraction based on the Nernst-Planck equation. J Chromatogr A. 1174(1-2), 104-111.
24. Domínguez Nc., Gjelstad A., Nadal A., Jensen H., Petersen N., Hansen SH., Rasmussen K., Bjergaard P,. 2012. Selective electromembrane extraction at low voltages based on analyte polarity and charge. J Chromatogr A. 1248, 48– 54.
25. Amini Y., Seidi S., Rezazadeh M., 2014. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta. 314, 1-22.
26. Bjergaard P., Rasmussen K., 2006. Electrokinetic migration across artificial liquid membranes. New concept for rapid sample preparation of biological fluids. J Chromatogr A. 1109(2), 183-90.
