• صفحه اصلی
  • Herbal Research: Gaps Affecting the Quality and Validity of Research Findings

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : JCHR-2104-1295 (R1) بازدید : 296 صفحه: 217 - 240

10.22034/jchr.2022.1928476.1295

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

Herbal Research: Gaps Affecting the Quality and Validity of Research Findings

محورهای موضوعی :

Arezou Rezaei 1 (School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran |Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)
Atefe Amirahmadi 2 (School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran |Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)
Vahid Poozesh 3 (School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran|Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/02/01 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/12/17 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/12/26

کلید واژه: reliability, Herbal medicine, Research Gaps, Botanical nomenclature, Iranian traditional medicine, Standards of herbal research,

چکیده مقاله :

Traditional and herbal medicines are rich and promising sources for drug development. The number of articles published on traditional medicines and their applications is rapidly increasing. However, despite the extensive ongoing research on herbal medicines, the results of such research are not remarkable. Against this background, this study aims to highlight some existing research gaps, the bridging of which will increase the quality and validity of the results of herbal research. To this end, Iranian and non-Iranian articles on Allium sativum L. were reviewed for compliance with standards and requirements for herbal research. Botanical nomenclature, processing and extraction procedures, and history of traditional medicine were identified as the main gaps in the reviewed herbal research. Researchers and authors should keep in mind that familiarity with the history, characteristics, and potential of traditional medicine systems is a key factor accelerating the process of developing nature-based medicines. Essential standards that have a great impact on the validity and reliability of the results of herbal research should not be ignored, either. In addition, there are still numerous areas that need to be considered by scientists and researchers, including the status of medicinal herbs, toxicological assessments, biological and pharmacological mechanisms of diseases, and research issues.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Traditional and herbal medicines are rich and promising sources for drug development. The number of articles published on traditional medicines and their applications is rapidly increasing. However, despite the extensive ongoing research on herbal medicines, the results of such research are not remarkable. Against this background, this study aims to highlight some existing research gaps, the bridging of which will increase the quality and validity of the results of herbal research. To this end, Iranian and non-Iranian articles on Allium sativum L. were reviewed for compliance with standards and requirements for herbal research. Botanical nomenclature, processing and extraction procedures, and history of traditional medicine were identified as the main gaps in the reviewed herbal research. Researchers and authors should keep in mind that familiarity with the history, characteristics, and potential of traditional medicine systems is a key factor accelerating the process of developing nature-based medicines. Essential standards that have a great impact on the validity and reliability of the results of herbal research should not be ignored, either. In addition, there are still numerous areas that need to be considered by scientists and researchers, including the status of medicinal herbs, toxicological assessments, biological and pharmacological mechanisms of diseases, and research issues.

منابع و مأخذ:


  1. Heinrich M., Jäger A.K., 2015. Ethnopharmacology. John Wiley & Sons.
    2.
  2. Dingledine E., 2018. Why is it so hard to do good science? eNeuro. 5(5), E0188-18, 1-13.
    3.
  3. Buckley R.C., Arcos D.F., Clinciu D.L., Scarf D., Trinder M., Santee E.J., Kirk K., Watkins T., Merluzzi A., Shishmahal H.A., Morrow R., Maier E.D., Beardsley F.R., da Silva Lopes K., James J.I., Qasim H., Rosenberg J., Kitsinelis S., VanWees S., 2017. Why science? Scientists share their stories. Sci (New York, NY). 356 (6338), 590.
    4.
  4. Winslow L.C., Kroll D.J., 1998. Herbs as medicines. Arch Intern Med. 158(20), 2192–9.
    5.
  5. Kosalec I., Cvek J., Tomić S., 2009. Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol. 60 (4), 485–501.
    6.
  6. Efferth T., Kaina B., 2011. Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Drug Metab. 12(10), 989–96.
    7.
  7. Rezaei A., Farzadfard A., Amirahmadi A., Alemi M., Khademi M., 2015. Diabetes mellitus and its management with medicinal plants: A perspective based on Iranian research. J Ethnopharmacol. 175, 567-616.
    8.
  8. Rezaei A., Fazadfard A., Amirahmadi A., 2016. An Encyclopedia of Herb-Disease, a Quick Shortcut for Herbal Research: A Comprehension Based on Iranian Herbal Studies. J Biomed Sci. 6(2), 10.
    9.
  9. Rezaei A., 2021. The Quality and Validity of Publications on Traditional Medicine in the Light of Journalsʹ Policies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 7(3), 219–226.
    10.
  10. Begley C.G., Ioannidis J.P.A., 2015. Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. Circ Res. 116(1), 116–26.
    11.
  11. Holding A.N., 2019. Novelty in science should not come at the cost of reproducibility. FEBS J. 286 (20), 3975–9.
    12.
  12. Salehei Z., Gharaghani M., Mahmoudabadi A.Z., 2015. Fungal Contaminations of Herbal Face Mask Preparations. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 10(1), e23919.
    13.
  13. Authority E.F.S., Committee E.S., 2009. Guidance on Safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use as ingredients in food supplements. Efsa J. 7(9), 1249.
    14.
  14. Fujimura Y., Miura D., Tachibana H., 2017. A phytochemical-sensing strategy based on mass spectrometry imaging and metabolic profiling for understanding the functionality of the medicinal herb green tea. Molecules. 22(10), 1621.
    15.
  15. Chan K., Shaw D., Simmonds M.S.J., Leon C.J., Xu Q., Lu A., 2012. Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica. J Ethnopharmacol. 140(3), 469–75.
    16.
  16. Rivera D., Allkin R., Obón C., Alcaraz F., Verpoorte R., Heinrich M., 2014. What is in a name? The need for accurate scientific nomenclature for plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 152(3), 393–402.
    17.
  17. Nivedha Manohar T.J.A., Pakhomov S.V., Melton G.B., Zhang R., 2015. Evaluation of herbal and dietary supplement resource term coverage. Stud Health Technol Inform. 216, 785.
    18.
  18. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. p. https: //www.iapt-taxon.org/icbn/main.htm.
    19.
  19. Turland N, 2019. The Code Decoded. Adv Books. 1, e38075.
    20.
  20. International Plant Name Index. p. http: //www.ipni.org/ipni/authorsearchpage.do.
    21.
  21. Helmstädter A., Staiger C., 2014. Traditional use of medicinal agents: a valid source of evidence. Drug Discov Today. 19 (1), 4–7.
    22.
  22. Singh A., 2011. Herbalism, Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology, CRC Press, 440p. Chapters 1-4, pages 1-36.
    23.
  23. Alves R.R., Rosa I.M., 2007. Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: where do they meet? Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 3(1), 14.
    24.
  24. Sen T., Samanta S.K., 2015. Medicinal plants, human health and biodiversity: a broad review. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 147, 59-110.
    25.
  25. Smith-Hall C., Larsen H.O., Pouliot M., 2012. People, plants and health: a conceptual framework for assessing changes in medicinal plant consumption. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 8(1), 1-1.
    26.
  26. Fazli N., Hassanabadi A., Mottaghitalab M., Hajati H., 2015. Manipulation of broiler chickens sex differentiation by in ovo injection of aromatase inhibitors, and garlic and tomato extracts. Poult Sci. 94 (11), 2778-83.
    27.
  27. Mozaffari Nejad A.S., Shabani S., Bayat M., Hosseini S.E., 2014. Antibacterial Effect of Garlic Aqueous Extract on Staphylococcus aureus in Hamburger. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 7(11), e13134.
    28.
  28. Diba A., Alizadeh F., 2018. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium and Allium sativum. Avicenna J Phytomed. 8(5), 465-474.
    29.
  29. Arab Sadeghabadi Z., Ziamajidi N., Abbasalipourkabir R., Mohseni R., 2018. Garlic (Allium sativum) increases SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the kidney and liver tissues of STZ- and STZ+niacinamide-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 29 (5), 463-467.
    30.
  30. Haji Mohammadi K.H., Heidarpour M., Borji H., 2019. Allium Sativum Methanolic Extract (garlic) Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Albendazole against Hydatid Cyst: In vivo Study. J Invest Surg. 32(8), 723-730.
    31.
  31. Tavassoli M., Jalilzadeh-Amin G., Fard V.R.B., Esfandiarpour R., 2018. The in vitro effect of Ferula asafoetida and Allium sativum extracts on Strongylus spp. Ann Parasitol. 64(1), 59–63.
    32.
  32. Haji Mohammadi K.H., Heidarpour M., Borji H., 2018. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the Allium sativum ME in experimentally Echinococcus granulosus infected mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 60, 23-27.
    33.
  33. Salehi I., Komaki A., Karimi S.A., Sarihi A., Zarei M., 2018. Effect of garlic powder on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats fed high fat diet: an in vivo study. Metab Brain Dis. 33(3), 725-731.
    34.
  34. Behrouj H., Ziamajidi N., Abbasalipourkabir R., Goodarzi M.T., Saidijam M., 2018. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of garlic extract in the livers of type 1 diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 30(2), 245-250.
    35.
  35. Soleimanzadeh A., Mohammadnejad L., Ahmadi A., 2018. Ameliorative effect of Allium sativum extracts on busulfan-induced oxidative stress in mice sperm. Vet Res Forum. 9(3), 265-271.
    36.
  36. Dehghani S., Alipoor E., Salimzadeh A., Yaseri M., Hosseini M., Feinle-Bisset C., Hosseinzadeh-Attar M.J., 2018. The effect of a garlic supplement on the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and on pain severity, in overweight or obese women with knee osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine. 48, 70-75.
    37.
  37. Hasssanzadeh H., Alizadeh M., Rezazad Bari M., 2018. Formulation of garlic oil-in-water nanoemulsion: antimicrobial and physicochemical aspects. IET Nanobiotechnol. 12 (5), 647-652.
    38.
  38. Zeinali H., Baluchnejadmojarad T., Fallah S., Sedighi M., Moradi N., Roghani M., 2018. S-allyl cysteine improves clinical and neuropathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 97, 557-563.
    39.
  39. Kianoush S., Balali-Mood M., Mousavi S.R., Moradi V., Sadeghi M., Dadpour B., Rajabi O., Shakeri M.T., 2012. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 110(5), 476-81.
    40.
  40. Ziamajidi N., Nasiri A., Abbasalipourkabir R., Sadeghi Moheb S., 2017. Effects of garlic extract on TNF-α expression and oxidative stress status in the kidneys of rats with STZ + nicotinamide-induced diabetes. Pharm Biol. 55(1), 526-531.
    41.
  41. Pakdel F., Ghasemi S., Babaloo A., Javadzadeh Y., Momeni R., Ghanizadeh M., Moaddab S.R., Fathi F.Y., 2017. Antibacterial Effects of Garlic Extracts and Ziziphora Essential Oil on Bacteria Associated with Peri-Implantitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(4), 16-19.
    42.
  42. Baluchnejadmojarad T., Kiasalari Z., Afshin-Majd S., Ghasemi Z., Roghani M., 2017. S-allyl cysteine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Pharmacol. 794, 69-76.
    43.
  43. Anoush M., Eghbal M.A., Fathiazad F., Hamzeiy H., Kouzehkonani N.S., 2009. The protective effects of garlic extract against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and glutathione depletion. Pak J Biol Sci. 12(10), 765-71.
    44.
  44. Ziamajidi N., Behrouj H., Abbasalipourkabir R., Lotfi F., 2018. Ameliorative Effects of Allium sativum Extract on iNOS Gene Expression and NO Production in Liver of Streptozotocin + Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 33(2), 147-153.
    45.
  45. Zarvandi M., Rakhshandeh H., Abazari M., Shafiee-Nick R., Ghorbani A., 2017. Safety and efficacy of a polyherbal formulation for the management of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in patients with advanced-stage of type-2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother. 89, 69-75.
    46.
  46. Nasiri A., Ziamajidi N., Abbasalipourkabir R., Goodarzi M.T., Saidijam M., Behrouj H., Solemani Asl S., 2017. Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Status in the Kidneys of Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 32 (3), 329-336.
    47.
  47. Mahdavi-Roshan M., Mirmiran P., Arjmand M., Nasrollahzadeh J., 2017. Effects of garlic on brachial endothelial function and capacity of plasma to mediate cholesterol efflux in patients with coronary artery disease. Anatol J Cardiol. 18(2), 116-121.
    48.
  48. Ghasemi S., Hosseini M., Feizpour A., Alipour F., Sadeghi A., Vafaee F., Mohammadpour T., Soukhtanloo M., Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A., Beheshti F., 2017. Beneficial effects of garlic on learning and memory deficits and brain tissue damages induced by lead exposure during juvenile rat growth is comparable to the effect of ascorbic acid. Drug Chem Toxicol. 40 (2), 206-214.
    49.
  49. Marschollek C., Karimzadeh F., Jafarian M., Ahmadi M., Mohajeri S.M., Rahimi S., Speckmann E.J., Gorji A., 2017. Effects of garlic extract on spreading depression: In vitro and in vivo investigations. Nutr Neurosci. 20(2), 127-134.
    50.
  50. Bahadoran Z., Mirmiran P., Momenan A.A., Azizi F., 2017. Allium vegetable intakes and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes in adults: a longitudinal follow-up study. J Hypertens. 35(9), 1909-1916.
    51.
  51. Zarezadeh M., Baluchnejadmojarad T., Kiasalari Z., Afshin-Majd S., Roghani M.2017. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol. 795, 13-21.
    52.
  52. Mahmoudvand H., Sepahvand P., Jahanbakhsh S., Azadpour M., 2016. Evaluation of the antileishmanial and cytotoxic effects of various extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) on Leishmania tropica. J Parasit Dis. 40(2), 423-6.
    53.
  53. Ebrahimi T., Behdad B., Abbasi M.A., Rabati R.G., Fayyaz A.F., Behnod V., Asgari A., 2016. Retraction Note: High doses of garlic extract significantly attenuated the ratio of serum LDL to HDL level in rat-fed with hypercholesterolemia diet. Diagn Pathol. 11(1), 119.
    54.
  54. Fallahi S., Rostami A., Delfan B., Pournia Y., Rashidipour M., 2016. Effect of olive leaf, Satureja khuzestanica, and Allium sativum extracts on Giardia lamblia cysts compared with metronidazole in vitro. J Parasit Dis. 40(4), 1204-1209.
    55.
  55. Soleimani D., Paknahad Z., Askari G., Iraj B., Feizi A., 2016. Effect of garlic powder consumption on body composition in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Adv Biomed Res. 5, 2.
    56.
  56. Mohajer Shojai T., Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A., Karimi V., Barin A., Sadri N., 2016. The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. Avicenna J Phytomed. 6(4), 458-267.
    57.
  57. Ghehdarijani M.S., Hajimoradloo A., Ghorbani R., Roohi Z., 2016. The effects of garlic-supplemented diets on skin mucosal immune responses, stress resistance and growth performance of the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 49, 79-83.
    58.
  58. Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A.R., Hami J., Alipour F., Haghir H., Fazel A.R., Sadeghi A., 2016. Protective effects of ascorbic acid and garlic extract against lead-induced apoptosis in developing rat hippocampus. Metab Brain Dis. 31(5), 1123-32.
    59.
  59. Aslani N., Entezari M.H., Askari G., Maghsoudi Z., Maracy M.R., 2016. Effect of Garlic and Lemon Juice Mixture on Lipid Profile and Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People 30-60 Years Old with Moderate Hyperlipidaemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med. 7, 95.
    60.
  60. Mahdavi-Roshan M., Nasrollahzadeh J., Mohammad Zadeh A., Zahedmehr A., 2016. Does Garlic Supplementation Control Blood Pressure in Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Disease? A Clinical Trial Study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 18(11), e23871.
    61.
  61. Shafiekhani M., Faridi P., Kojuri J., Namazi S., 2016. Comparison of antiplatelet activity of garlic tablets with cardio-protective dose of aspirin in healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 6(5), 550-557.
    62.
  62. Zardast M., Namakin K., Esmaelian Kaho J., Hashemi S.S., 2016. Assessment of antibacterial effect of garlic in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori using urease breath test. Avicenna J Phytomed. 6(5), 495-501.
    63.
  63. Farhadi F., Jahanpour S., Hazem K., Aghbali A., Baradran B., Vahid Pakdel S.M., 2015. Garlic ((Allium sativum)) Fresh Juice Induces Apoptosis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Involvement of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 9 4), 267-73.
    64.
  64. Naderi R., Mohaddes G., Mohammadi M., Alihemmati A., Badalzadeh R., Ghaznavi R., Ghyasi R., Mohammadi Sh., 2015. Preventive effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on oxidative stress and histopathology of cardiac tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Physiol Hung. 102(4), 380-90.
    65.
  65. Mohsenipour Z., Hassanshahian M., 2015. The Effects of Allium sativum Extracts on Biofilm Formation and Activities of Six Pathogenic Bacteria. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 8(8), e18971.
    66.
  66. Golestani M.R., Rad M., Bassami M., Afkhami-Goli A., 2015. Analysis and evaluation of antibacterial effects of new herbal formulas, AP-001 and AP-002, against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Life Sci. 135, 22-6.
    67.
  67. Rabe S.Z., Ghazanfari T., Siadat Z., Rastin M., Rabe S.Z., Mahmoudi M., 2015. Anti-inflammatory effect of garlic 14-kDa protein on LPS-stimulated-J774A.1 macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 37(2), 158-64.
    68.
  68. Ebrahimi T., Behdad B., Abbasi M.A., Rabati R.G., Fayyaz A.F., Behnod V., Asgari A., 2016. Retraction Note: High doses of garlic extract significantly attenuated the ratio of serum LDL to HDL level in rat-fed with hypercholesterolemia diet. Diagn Pathol. 11(1), 119.
    69.
  69. Aalami-Harandi R., Karamali M., Asemi Z., 2015. The favorable effects of garlic intake on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, biomarkers of oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 28(17), 2020-7.
    70.
  70. Anassori E., Dalir-Naghadeh B., Pirmohammadi R., Hadian M., 2015. Changes in blood profile in sheep receiving raw garlic, garlic oil or monensin. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 99 (1), 114-122.
    71.
  71. Varmaghany S., Karimi Torshizi M.A., Rahimi S., Lotfollahian H., Hassanzadeh M., 2015. The effects of increasing levels of dietary garlic bulb on growth performance, systolic blood pressure, hematology, and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 94 (8), 1812-20.
    72.
  72. Damirchi A., Saati Zareei A., Sariri R., 2015. Salivary antioxidants of male athletes after aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation on: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 5(3), 146-52.
    73.
  73. Ebrahimy F., Dolatian M., Moatar F., Majd H.A., 2015. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of Garcin (®) and fluconazole on Candida vaginitis. Singapore Med J. 56(10), 567-72.
    74.
  74. Ranjbar-Omid M., Arzanlou M., Amani M., Shokri Al-Hashem S.K., Amir Mozafari N., Peeri Doghaheh H., 2015. Allicin from garlic inhibits the biofilm formation and urease activity of Proteus mirabilis in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 362(9), fnv049.
    75.
  75. Ataei M.L., Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A.R., 2014. The effects of nano-silver and garlic administration during pregnancy on neuron apoptosis in rat offspring hippocampus. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 17(6), 411-8.
    76.
  76. Biglar M., Sufi H., Bagherzadeh K., Amanlou M., Mojab F., 2014. Screening of 20 commonly used Iranian traditional medicinal plants against urease. Iran J Pharm Res. 13(Suppl), 195-8.
    77.
  77. Mohammadi A., Oshaghi E.A., 2014. Effect of garlic on lipid profile and expression of LXR alpha in intestine and liver of hypercholesterolemic mice. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 13(1), 20.
    78.
  78. Tabari M.A., Ebrahimpour S., 2014. Effect of aged garlic extract on immune responses to experimental fibrosarcoma tumor in BALB/c mice. Indian J Cancer. 51(4), 609-13.
    79.
  79. Shirzadegan K., Falahpour P., 2014. The physicochemical properties and antioxidative potential of raw thigh meat from broilers fed a dietary medicinal herb extract mixture. Open Vet J. 4(2), 69-77.
    80.
  80. Faghihzadeh Gorji S., Faghihzadeh Gorji S., Rajabloo M. 2014. The field efficacy of garlic extract against Dermanyssus gallinae in layer farms of Babol, Iran. Parasitol Res. 113(3), 1209-13.
    81.
  81. Pirmohammadi R., Anassori E., Zakeri Z., Tahmouzi M., 2014. Effects of garlic supplementation on energy status of pre-partum Mahabadi goats. Vet Res Forum. 5(3), 207-12.
    82.
  82. Mohammadzadeh F., Dolatian M., Jorjani M., Alavi Majd H., Borumandnia N., 2014. Comparing the therapeutic effects of garlic tablet and oral metronidazole on bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 16(7), e19118.
    83.
  83. Kanani H.G., Nobahar Z., Kakoolaki S., Jafarian H., 2014. Effect of ginger- and garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance, some hematological parameters and immune responses in juvenile Huso huso. Fish Physiol Biochem. 40(2), 481-490.
    84.
  84. Aala F., Yusuf U.K., Nulit R., Rezaie S., 2014. Inhibitory effect of allicin and garlic extracts on growth of cultured hyphae. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 17(3), 150-154.
    85.
  85. Tabarsi P., Fahimi F., Heidarzadeh N., Haghgoo R., Kazempour M., Masjedi M., Velayati A.A., 2014. The Effect of Garcin® in Preventing AntiTB-Induced Hepatitis in Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients. Iran J Pharm Res. 13(Suppl), 169-76.
    86.
  86. Moradabadi L., Montasser Kouhsari S., Fehresti Sani M., 2013. Hypoglycemic Effects of Three Medicinal Plants in Experimental Diabetes: Inhibition of Rat Intestinal α-glucosidase and Enhanced Pancreatic Insulin and Cardiac Glut-4 mRNAs Expression. Iran J Pharm Res. 12(3), 387-97.
    87.
  87. Khordad E., Fazel A., Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A., 2013. The effect of ascorbic acid and garlic administration on lead-induced apoptosis in rat offspring's eye retina. Iran Biomed J. 17(4), 206-13.
    88.
  88. Sarkaki A., Valipour Chehardacheric S., Farbood Y., Mansouri S.M., Naghizadeh B., Basirian E., 2013. Effects of fresh, aged and cooked garlic extracts on short- and long-term memory in diabetic rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 3(1), 45-55.
    89.
  89. Masjedi F., Gol A., Dabiri S., 2013. Preventive Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on Serum Biochemical Factors and Histopathology of Pancreas and Liver in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 12 (3), 325-38.
    90.
  90. Asadpour R., Azari M., Hejazi M., Tayefi H., Zaboli N., 2013. Protective effects of garlic aquous extract (Allium sativum), vitamin E, and N-acetylcysteine on reproductive quality of male rats exposed to lead. Vet Res Forum. 4(4), 251-7.
    91.
  91. Sadeghi A., Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A., Alipour F., Fazel A., Haghir H., 2013. The Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Garlic Administration on Lead-Induced Neural Damage in Rat Offspring's Hippocampus. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 16(2), 157-64.
    92.
  92. Ebrahimi M., Mohammad Hassan Z., Mostafaie A., Zare Mehrjardi N., Ghazanfari T., 2013. Purif ied Protein Fraction of Garlic Extract Modulates Cellular Immune Response against Breast Transplanted Tumors in BALB/c Mice Model. Cell J. 15(1), 65-75.
    93.
  93. Larypoor M., Bayat M., Zuhair M.H., Akhavan Sepahy A., Amanlou M., 2013. Evaluation of The Number of CD4 (+) CD25 (+) FoxP3 (+) Treg Cells in Normal Mice Exposed to AFB1 and Treated with Aged Garlic Extract. Cell J. 15(1), 37-44.
    94.
  94. Nasri H., Nematbakhsh M., Rafieian-Kopaei M., 2013. Ethanolic extract of garlic for attenuation of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Iran J Kidney Dis. 7(5), 376-82.
    95.
  95. Baradaran A., Rafieian-Kopaei M., 2013. Histopathological study of the combination of metformin and garlic juice for the attenuation of gentamicin renal toxicity in rats. J Renal Inj Prev. 2(1), 15-21.
    96.
  96. Rafieian-Kopaei M., Baradaran A., Merrikhi A., Nematbakhsh M., Madihi Y., Nasri H., 2013. Efficacy of Co-administration of Garlic Extract and Metformin for Prevention of Gentamicin-Renal Toxicity in Wistar Rats: A Biochemical Study. Int J Prev Med. 4(3), 258-64.
    97.
  97. Ebrahimpour S., Tabari M.A., Youssefi M.R., Aghajanzadeh H., Behzadi M.Y., 2013. Synergistic effect of aged garlic extract and naltrexone on improving immune responses to experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumor in BALB/c mice. Pharmacognosy Res. 5(3), 189-94.
    98.
  98. Fallah-Rostami F., Tabari M.A., Esfandiari B., Aghajanzadeh H., Behzadi M.Y., 2013. Immunomodulatory activity of aged garlic extract against implanted fibrosarcoma tumor in mice. N Am J Med Sci. 5(3), 207-12.
    99.
  99. Fattahi M., Dalir-Naghadeh B., Maham M., 2013. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of garlic extract on Nerium oleander-induced arrhythmia: a new approach to antiarrhythmic therapy in an ovine model. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 51(8), 737-47.
    100.
  100. Koohy-Kamaly-Dehkordy P., Nikoopour H., Siavoshi F., Koushki M., Abadi A., 2013. Microbiological quality of retail spices in Tehran, Iran. J Food Prot. 76(5), 843-8.
    101.
  101. Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M., Seghatoleslami A., Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M., Bayani F., Mirjalili M., 2013. Fatal colchicine poisoning by accidental ingestion of Colchicum persicum: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 34(4), 295-8.
    102.
  102. Mahdavi-Roshan M., Zahedmehr A., Mohammad-Zadeh A., Sanati H.R., Shakerian F., Firouzi A., Kiani R., Nasrollahzadeh J., 2013. Effect of garlic powder tablet on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with coronary artery disease: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Nutr Health. 22(2), 143-55.
    103.
  103. Nasri H., 2013. Renoprotective effects of garlic. J Renal Inj Prev. 2(1), 27-8.
    104.
  104. Ghorbani A., Shafiee-Nick R., Rakhshandeh H., Borji A., 2013. Antihyperlipidemic effect of a polyherbal mixture in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Lipids. 675759, 1-6.
    105.
  105. Houshmand B., Mahjour F., Dianat O., 2013. Antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on dental plaque bacteria. Indian J Dent Res. 24(1), 71-5.
    106.
  106. Malekpour-Dehkordi Z., Javadi E., Doosti M., Paknejad M., Nourbakhsh M., Yassa N., Gerayesh-Nejad S., Heshmat R., 2013. S-Allylcysteine, a garlic compound, increases ABCA1 expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Phytother Res. 27(3), 357-61.
    107.
  107. Fehresti Sani M., Montasser Kouhsari S., Moradabadi L., 2012. Effects of Three Medicinal Plants Extracts in Experimental Diabetes: Antioxidant Enzymes Activities and Plasma Lipids Profiles inComparison with Metformin. Iran J Pharm Res. 11(3), 897-903.
    108.
  108. Hasan N.A., Zuhair M.H., Safari E., Bozorgmehr M., Moazzeni S.M., 2012. Evaluation of the Effect of the 47 kDa Protein Isolated from Aged Garlic Extract on Dendritic Cells. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 15(2), 745-51.
    109.
  109. Shafiee-Nick R., Ghorbani A., Vafaee Bagheri F., Rakhshandeh H., 2012. Chronic administration of a combination of six herbs inhibits the progression of hyperglycemia and decreases serum lipids and aspartate amino transferase activity in diabetic rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci. PMCID: PMC3529479.
    110.
  110. Borhan-Mojabi K., Sharifi M., Karagah T., 2012. Efficacy of different concentrations of garlic extract in reduction of oral salivary microorganisms. Arch Iran Med. 15(2), 99-101.
    111.
  111. Touba E.P., Zakaria M., Tahereh E., 2012. Anti-fungal activity of cold and hot water extracts of spices against fungal pathogens of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in vitro. Microb Pathog. 52(2), 125-9.
    112.
  112. Fakhar H., Hashemi Tayer A. 2012. Effect of the Garlic Pill in comparison with Plavix on Platelet Aggregation and Bleeding Time. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol. 2(4), 146-52.
    113.
  113. Aala F., Yusuf U.K., Jamal F., Rezaie S., 2012. Antimicrobial effects of allicin and ketoconazole on trichophyton rubrum under in vitro condition. Braz J Microbiol. 43(2), 786-92.
    114.
  114. Eskandarian A.A., 2012. Scolicidal effects of squash (Corylus spp.) seeds, hazel (Curcurbia spp.) nut and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on hydatid cyst protoscolices. J Res Med Sci. 17(11), 1011-4.
    115.
  115. Mehdizade J., Saedi B., Fotouhi R., Safavi A., 2012. A novel test to differentiate anosmic malingerers from actually anosmic patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 26(6), 485-8.
    116.
  116. Mozaffari-Khosravi H., Hesabgar H.A., Owlia M.B., Hadinedoushan H., Barzegar K., Fllahzadeh M.H., 2012. The effect of garlic tablet on pro-inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Diet Suppl. 9(4), 262-71.
    117.
  117. Alizadeh M., Mohtadinia J., Pourghasem-Gargari B., Esmaillzadeh A., 2012. Major Dietary Patterns among Female Adolescent Girls of Talaat Intelligent Guidance School, Tabriz, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 14(7), 436-41.
    118.
  118. Mazdak H., Mazdak M., Jamali L., Keshteli A.H., 2012. Determination of prostate cancer risk factors in Isfahan, Iran: a case-control study. Med Arh. 66(1), 45-8.
    119.
  119. Bakhshi M., Taheri J.B., Shabestari S.B., Tanik A., Pahlevan R., 2012. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 29(2), e680-4.
    120.
  120. Gharavi M., Nobakht M., Khademvatan Sh., Bandani E., Bakhshayesh M., Roozbehani M., 2011. The Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of INFγ and Inos Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania major. Iran J Parasitol. 6(3), 74-81.
    121.
  121. Ahmadabad H.N., Hassan Z.M., Safari E., Bozorgmehr M., Ghazanfari T., Moazzeni S.M., 2011. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of the 14 kDa protein isolated from aged garlic extract on dendritic cells. Cell Immunol. 269(2), 90-5.
    122.
  122. Daneshmandi S., Hajimoradi M., Ahmadabad H.N., Hassan Z.M., Roudbary M., Ghazanfari T., 2011. Effect of 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein molecules of age garlic extract on peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 33(1), 21-7.
    123.
  123. Shirzad H., Taji F., Rafieian-Kopaei M., 2011. Correlation between antioxidant activity of garlic extracts and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in BALB/c mice. J Med Food. 14(9), 969-74.
    124.
  124. Heidarian E., Jafari-Dehkordi E., Seidkhani-Nahal A., 2011. Effect of garlic on liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and plasma lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 49(5), 1110-4.
    125.
  125. Ghazanfari T., Yaraee R., Rahmati B., Hakimzadeh H., Shams J., Jalali-Nadoushan M.R., 2011. In vitro cytotoxic effect of garlic extract on malignant and nonmalignant cell lines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 33(4), 603-8.
    126.
  126. Bagheri F., Gol A., Dabiri S., Javadi A., 2011. Preventive effect of garlic juice on renal reperfusion injury. Iran J Kidney Dis. 5(3), 194-200.
    127.
  127. Bahmani M., Abbasi J., Mohsenzadegan A., Sadeghian S., Ahangaran M.G., 2013. Allium sativum L.: the anti-immature leech (Limnatis nilotica) activity compared to Niclosomide. Comp Clin Path. 22(2), 165-168.
    128.
  128. Gharavi M., Nobakht M., Khademvatan S., Fani F., Bakhshayesh M., Roozbehani M., 2011. The Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract on Interleukin-12 and 10 Levels in Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) Infected Macrophages. Iran J Public Health. 40(4), 105-11.
    129.
  129. Khodavandi A., Harmal N.S., Alizadeh F., Scully O.J., Sidik S.M., Othman F., Sekawi Z., Ng K.P., Chong P.P., 2011. Comparison between allicin and fluconazole in Candida albicans biofilm inhibition and in suppression of HWP1 gene expression. Phytomedicine. 19(1), 56-63.
    130.
  130. Soltanzadeh A., Shams M., Noorolahi H., Ghorbani A., Fatehi F., 2011. Olfactory dysfunction in Persian patients suffering from parkinson's disease. Iran J Neurol. 10(1-2), 5-8.
    131.
  131. Khodavandi A., Alizadeh F., Harmal N.S., Sidik S.M., Othman F., Sekawi Z., Chong P.P., 2011. Expression analysis of SIR2 and SAPs1-4 gene expression in Candida albicans treated with allicin compared to fluconazole. Trop Biomed. 28(3), 589-598.
    132.
  132. Bahadoran P., Rokni F.K., Fahami F., 2010. Investigating the therapeutic effect of vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme compared to clotrimazole cream for the treatment of mycotic vaginitis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 15 (Suppl 1), 343-9.
    133.
  133. Arzanlou M., Bohlooli S., Jannati E., Mirzanejad-Asl H., 2011. Allicin from garlic neutralizes the hemolytic activity of intra- and extra-cellular pneumolysin O in vitro. Toxicon. 57(4), 540-5.
    134.
  134. Salem S., Salahi M., Mohseni M., Ahmadi H., Mehrsai A., Jahani Y., Pourmand G., 2011. Major dietary factors and prostate cancer risk: a prospective multicenter case-control study. Nutr Cancer. 63(1), 21-7.
    135.
  135. Shahsavani D., Baghshani H., Alishahi E., 2011. Efficacy of allicin in decreasing lead (Pb) accumulation in selected tissues of lead-exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Biol Trace Elem Res. 142(3), 572-80.
    136.
  136. Bokaeian M., Nakhaee A., Moodi B., Farhangi A., Akbarzadeh A., 2010. Effects of garlic extract treatment in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats infected with Candida albicans. Indian J Clin Biochem. 25(2), 182-7.
    137.
  137. Arzanlou M., Bohlooli S., 2010. Inhibition of streptolysin O by allicin - an active component of garlic. J Med Microbiol. 59 (Pt 9), 1044-1049.
    138.
  138. Moazeni M., Nazer A., 2010. In vitro effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on scolices of hydatid cyst. World J Surg.34 (11), 2677-81.
    139.
  139. Hakimzadeh H., Ghazanfari T., Rahmati B., Naderimanesh H., 2010. Cytotoxic effect of garlic extract and its fractions on Sk-mel3 melanoma cell line. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 32(3), 371-5.
    140.
  140. Aslani M.R., Najarnezhad V., Mohri M., 2010. Individual and combined effect of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and allicin on blood and tissue lead content in mice. Planta Med. 76(3), 241-4.
    141.
  141. Javadzadeh A., Ghorbanihaghjo A., Arami S., Rashtchizadeh N., Mesgari M., Rafeey M., Omidi Y., 2009. Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar albino rats by aqueous extract of garlic. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 25(5), 395-400.
    142.
  142. Nikoo S., Bozorgmehr M., Namdar Ahmadabad H., Hassan Z.M., Moazzeni S.M., Pourpak Z., Ghazanfari T., 2008. The 14kDa protein molecule isolated from garlic suppresses indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase metabolites in mononuclear cells in vitro. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 7(4), 203-8.
    143.
  143. Zare A., Farzaneh P., Pourpak Z., Zahedi F., Moin M., Shahabi S., Hassan Z.M., 2008. Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 7(3), 133-41.
    144.
  144. Jafari R.A., Jalali M.R., Ghorbanpoor M., Saraei S.M., 2008. Effect of dietary garlic on immune response of broiler chicks to live Newcastle Disease vaccine. Pak J Biol Sci. 11(14), 1848-51.
    145.
  145. Sadjjadi S.M., Zoharizadeh M.R., Panjeshahin M.R., 2008. In vitro screening of different Allium sativum extracts on hydatid cysts protoscoleces. J Invest Surg. 21(6), 318-22.
    146.
  146. Peyghan R., Powell M.D., Zadkarami M.R., 2008. In vitro effect of garlic extract and metronidazole against Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, page 1987 and isolated amoebae from Atlantic salmon. Pak J Biol Sci. 11(1), 41-7.
    147.
  147. Zamani A., Vahidinia A., Ghannad M.S., 2009. The effect of garlic consumption on Th1/Th2 cytokines in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated rat spleen lymphocytes. Phytother Res. 23(4), 579-81.
    148.
  148. Najar-Nezhad V., Aslani M.R., Balali-Mood M., 2008. Evaluation of allicin for the treatment of experimentally induced subacute lead poisoning in sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res. 126(1-3), 141-7.
    149.

149.Hosseini S.V., Mohebzadeh J., Kumar P.V., Mehrabani D., Bagheri M., Sadjjadi S.M., Amini M., Amini A., 2008. The effect of silver nitrate, chloroformic garlic extract, and normal saline in induction of sclerosing cholangitis in rabbits. Saudi Med J. 29(8), 1095-8.

  1. Hosseini M., Shafiee S.M., Baluchnejadmojarad T., 2007. Garlic extract reduces serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pathophysiology. 14(2), 109-12.
    2.
  2. Jalal R., Bagheri S.M., Moghimi A., Rasuli M.B., 2007. Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous shallot and garlic extracts in rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 41(3), 218-23.
    3.
  3. Hajheydari Z., Jamshidi M., Akbari J., Mohammadpour R., 2007. Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 73(1), 29-32.
    4.
  4. Fani M.M., Kohanteb J., Dayaghi M., 2007. Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 25(4), 164-8.
    5.
  5. Pourjafar M., Aghbolaghi P.A., Shakhse-Niaie M., 2007. Effect of garlic along with lead acetate administration on lead burden of some tissues in mice. Pak J Biol Sci. 10(16), 2772-4.
    6.
  6. Kalantari H., Larki A., Latifi S.M., 2007. The genotoxicity study of garlic and pasipy herbal drops by peripheral blood micronucleus test. Acta Physiol Hung. 94(3), 261-6.
    7.
  7. Kojuri J., Vosoughi A.R., Akrami M., 2007. Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids Health Dis. 6, 5.
    8.
  8. Eidi A., Eidi M., Esmaeili E., 2006. Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine. 13(9-10), 624-9.
    9.
  9. Ghazanfari T., Hassan Z.M., Khamesipour A., 2006. Enhancement of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity against Leishmania major by garlic (Allium sativum) treatment. J Ethnopharmacol. 103(3), 333-7.
    10.
  10. Shams-Ghahfarokhi M., Shokoohamiri M.R., Amirrajab N., Moghadasi B., Ghajari A., Zeini F., Sadeghi G., Razzaghi-Abyaneh M., 2006. In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia. 77(4), 321-3.
    11.
  11. Najafi Sani M., Kianifar H.R., Kianee A., Khatami G., 2006. Effect of oral garlic on arterial oxygen pressure in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 12(15), 2427-31.
    12.
  12. Taghizadeh Afshari A., Shirpoor A., Dodangeh Balakhani E., 2005. The effect of garlic on cyclosporine-A-induced hyperlipidemia in male rats. Urol J. 2(3), 153-6.
    13.
  13. Jabbari A., Argani H., Ghorbanihaghjo A., Mahdavi R., 2005. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. Lipids Health Dis. 4, 11.
    14.
  14. Baluchnejadmojarad T., Roghani M., 2003. Endothelium-dependent and -independent effect of aqueous extract of garlic on vascular reactivity on diabetic rats. Fitoterapia. 74(7-8), 630-7.
    15.
  15. Baluchnejadmojarad T., Roghani M., 2003. Garlic extract attenuates time-dependent changes in the reactivity of isolated aorta in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Life Sci. 73(18), 2281-9.
    16.
  16. Hosseinzadeh H., Sadati N., 2003. The protective effect of Allium sativum L. clove aqueous and methanolic extracts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice. Phytother Res. 17(3), 279-81.
    17.
  17. Baluchnejadmojarad T., Roghani M., Homayounfar H., Hosseini M., 2003. Beneficial effect of aqueous garlic extract on the vascular reactivity of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 85(1), 139-44.
    18.
  18. Hassan Z.M., Yaraee R., Zare N., Ghazanfari T., Sarraf Nejad A.H., Nazori B., 2003. Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. Int Immunopharmacol. 3(10-11), 1483-9.
    19.
  19. Sharifi A.M., Darabi R., Akbarloo N., 2003. Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 86(2-3), 219-24.
    20.
  20. Ghazanfari T., Hassan Z.M., Ebtekar M., Ahmadiani A., Naderi G., Azar A., 2000. Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol. 52(5), 491-5.
    21.
  21. Liyanagamage D.S.N.K., Jayasinghe S., Attanayake A.P., Karunaratne V., 2020. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Profile of a Polyherbal Drug Used in Sri Lankan Traditional Medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020, 2189189.
    22.
  22. Guizellini G.M., Torres E.A.F.D.S., Freitas R.A.M.S., Saldanha T., Sawaya A.C.H.F., Gamallo O.D., Soares M.J., de Oliveira V.S., Sampaio G.R., 2020. The anticholesterol oxidation effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) in frozen fish burgers submitted to grilling. J Food Sci. 85(8), 2416-2426.
    23.
  23. Pathak S., Catanzaro R., Vasan D., Marotta F., Chabria Y., Jothimani G., Verma R.S., Ramachandran M., Khuda-Bukhsh A.R., Banerjee A., 2020. Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus. Drug Chem Toxicol. 43(5), 454-467
    24.
  24. Kanamori Y., Via L.D., Macone A., Canettieri G., Greco A., Toninello A., Agostinelli E., 2020. Aged garlic extract and its constituent, S-allyl-L-cysteine, induce the apoptosis of neuroblastoma cancer cells due to mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Exp Ther Med. 19(2), 1511-1521.
    25.
  25. Chen K., Nakasone Y., Xie K., Sakao K., Hou D.X., 2020. Modulation of Allicin-Free Garlic on Gut Microbiome. Molecules. 25(3), 682.
    26.
  26. Serrano H.D.A., Mariezcurrena-Berasain M.A., Del Carmen Gutiérrez Castillo A., Carranza B.V., Pliego A.B., Rojas M.T., Anele U.Y., Salem A.Z.M., Rivas-Caceres R.R., 2020. Antimicrobial resistance of three common molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria to Allium aqueous extracts. Microb Pathog. 142, 104028.
    27.
  27. Biró A., Markovics A., Fazekas M.É., Fidler G., Szalóki G., Paholcsek M., Lukács J., Stündl L., Remenyik J. 2020. Allithiamine Alleviates Hyperglycaemia-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients. 12(6), 1690.
    28.
  28. Nakagawa C., Suzuki-Karasaki M., Suzuki-Karasaki M., Ochiai T., Suzuki-Karasaki Y., 2020. The Mitochondrial Ca2+Overload via Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Entry Contributes to an Anti-Melanoma Effect of Diallyl Trisulfide. Int J Mol Sci. 21(2), 491.
    29.
  29. Minami A., Mikami Y., Kano T., Matsushita H., Fujita Y., Yoshimura M., Abe Y., Watanabe H., Hara M., Kurebayashi Y., Takahashi T., Kanazawa H., Wakatsuki A., Suzuki T., 2020. Mitigation of Memory Impairment in Ovariectomized Rats Using Garlic Powder Treated with Subcritical Water. Biol Pharm Bull. 43(3), 546-549.
    30.
  30. Huang W.L., Wu S.F., Xu S.T., Ma Y.C., Wang R., Jin S., Zhou S., 2020. Allicin enhances the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. J Food Sci. 85(6), 1924-1931.
    31.
  31. Kagawa Y., Ozaki-Masuzawa Y., Hosono T., Seki T., 2020. Garlic oil suppresses high-fat diet induced obesity in rats through the upregulation of UCP-1 and the enhancement of energy expenditure. Exp Ther Med. 19(2), 1536-1540.
    32.
  32. Ni L., Guan X.L., Chen F.F., Wu P.F., 2020. S-methyl-L-cysteine Protects against Antimycin A-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neural Cells via Mimicking Endogenous Methionine-centered Redox Cycle. Curr Med Sci. 40(3), 422-433.
    33.
  33. Soleimani D., Paknahad Z., Rouhani M.H., 2020. Therapeutic Effects of Garlic on Hepatic Steatosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 13, 2389-2397.
    34.
  34. Gao X., Xue Z., Ma Q., Guo Q., Xing L., Santhanam R.K., Zhang M., Chen H., 2020. Antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of garlic protein and its hydrolysates and the related mechanism. J Food Biochem. 44(2), e13126.
    35.
  35. Sun Z.W., Chen C., Wang L., Li Y.D., Hu Z.L., 2020. S-allyl cysteine protects retinal pigment epithelium cells from hydroquinone-induced apoptosis through mitigating cellular response to oxidative stress. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24(4), 2120-2128.
    36.
  36. Sholikhah E.N., Mustofa M., Nugrahaningsih D.A.A., Yuliani F.S., Purwono S., Sugiyono S., Widyarini S., Ngatidjan N., Jumina J., Santosa D., Koketsu M., 2020. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Polyherbal Formulation Containing Allium sativum L., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., and Amomum compactumSol. ex. Maton in Rats. Biomed Res Int. 2020, 8609364.
    37.
  37. Bagheri L., Khodaei N., Salmieri S., Karboune S., Lacroix M., 2020. Correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils against most common food pathogens and spoilers: In-vitro efficacy and predictive modelling. Microb Pathog. 147, 104212.
    38.
  38. Chen P., Chen C., Hu M., Cui R., Liu F., Yu H., Ren Y., 2020. S-allyl-L-cysteine protects hepatocytes from indomethacin-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. FEBS Open Bio. 10(9), 1900-1911.
    39.
  39. Kim T.M., Kim K.H., Jo J.H., Park J., Kwon Y.S., Yang J.H., 2020. Hepatoprotective effect of a novel lactic acid-fermented garlic extract functional food product against acute liver injury. Food Sci Nutr. 8(2), 1012-1019.
    40.
  40. Bin C., Al-Dhabi N.A., Esmail G.A., Arokiyaraj S., Arasu M.V., 2020. Potential effect of Allium sativumbulb for the treatment of biofilm forming clinical pathogens recovered from periodontal and dental caries. Saudi J Biol Sci. 27(6), 1428-1434.
    41.
  41. Bronowicka-Adamska P., Bentke A., Lasota M., Wróbel M., 2020. Effect of S-Allyl -L-Cysteine on MCF-7 Cell Line 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase/Sulfane Sulfur System, Viability and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 21(3), 1090.
    42.
  42. Somrani M., Inglés M.C., Debbabi H., Abidi F., Palop A., 2020. Garlic, Onion, and Cinnamon Essential Oil Anti-biofilms' Effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Foods. 9(5), 567.
    43.
  43. Phan A.D.T., Netzel G., Chhim P., Netzel M.E., Sultanbawa Y., 2019. Phytochemical Characteristics and Antimicrobial Activity of Australian Grown Garlic (Allium SativumL.) Cultivars. Foods. 8(9), 358.
    44.
  44. Si L., Lin R., Jia Y., Jian W., Yu Q., Wang M., Yang S., 2019. Lactobacillus bulgaricus improves antioxidant capacity of black garlic in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized control trial. Biosci Rep. 39(8), BSR20182254.
    45.
  45. Hsieh C.C., Liu K.F., Liu P.C., Ho Y.T., Li W.S., Peng W.H., Tsai J.C. 2019. Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 20(19), 4879.
    46.
  46. Wang Y., Wei K., Han X., Zhao D., Zheng Y., Chao J., Gou J., Kong F., Zhang C.S., 2019. The Antifungal Effect of Garlic Essential Oil on Phytophthora nicotianae and the Inhibitory Component Involved. Biomolecules. 9(10), 632.
    47.
  47. Baek S.C., Nam K.H., Yi S.A., Jo M.S., Lee K.H., Lee Y.H., Lee J., Kim K.H., 2019. Anti-adipogenic Effect of β-Carboline Alkaloids from Garlic (Allium sativum). Foods. 8(12), 673.
    48.
  48. Haji Mohammadi K.H., Heidarpour M., Borji H., 2019. Allium Sativum Methanolic Extract (garlic) Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Albendazole Against Hydatid Cyst: In vivo Study. J Invest Surg. 32(8), 723-730.
    49.
  49. Yamaguchi Y., Honma R., Yazaki T., Shibuya T., Sakaguchi T., Uto-Kondo H., Kumagai H., 2019. Sulfuric Odor Precursor S-Allyl-l-Cysteine Sulfoxide in Garlic Induces Detoxifying Enzymes and Prevents Hepatic Injury. Antioxidants (Basel). 8(9), 385.
    50.
  50. Sunu P., Sunarti D., Mahfudz L.D., Yunianto V.D., 2019. Prebiotic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus. Vet World. 12(12), 2046-2051.
    51.
  51. Ait Abderrahim L., Taïbi K., Ait Abderrahim N., Boussaid M., Rios-Navarro C., Ruiz-Saurí A., 2019. Euphorbia honey and garlic: Biological activity and burn wound recovery. Burns. 45(7), 1695-1706.
    52.
  52. Elgamouz A., Alsaidi R., Alsaidi A., Zahri M., Almehdi A., Bajou K., 2019. Dataset in the characterization of black spot Ehrenberg snapper and its proteins' denaturation inhibition by natural antioxidants. Data Brief. 28, 104927.
    53.
  53. Allium sativum (PROTA). p. https: //uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativu.
    54.
  54. World Health Organization. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. World Health Organization; 2019.
    55.
  55. Rezaei A.A., 2017. Survey on the Situation of Traditional Iranian Medicine and its History in Iranian Herbal Research. Medical History Journal. 9(32), 71-84.
    56.
  56. Nayernouri T., 2013. Sense and Nonsense in the Practice of Medicine. A Critique of Traditional Iranian Medicine. Arch Iran Med. 16(12), 731 – 735.
    57.
  57. World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. World Health Organization; 2013.
    58.
  58. Nayernouri T., 2015. A Brief History of Ancient Iranian Medicine. Arch Iran Med. 18(8), 549-51.
    59.
  59. Azizi M.H., Nayernouri T., Saidi F., Modanlou H.D., Tabatabaei S.M., Kalantar Hormozi A., 2014. A Collection of Essays on the History of Medicine in Iran (Published in the Journal of Archives of Iranian Medicine, 1998-2014). Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 17(10), 733-793.
    60.
  60. Nayernouri T., Azizi M., 2011. History of medicine in iran the oldest known medical treatise in the Persian language. Middle East J Dig Dis. 3(1), 74-8.
    61.
  61. Rezaeizadeh H., Alizadeh M., Naseri M., Ardakani M.S., 2009. The Traditional Iranian Medicine Point of View on Health and. Iranian J Publ Health. 38(1), 169172.
    62.
  62. Pourahmad J., 2008. History of Medical Sciences in Iran, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 7 (2), 93-99.
    63.
  63. Elgood C., 2007. Medical history of Iran and the lands of the eastern caliphate, 3rd edition. Amir Kabir, Tehran, 17-40. [In Persian]
    64.
  64. Najm Abadi M., 1992. History of Medicine in Iran and the Islamic World (Medical History in Iran), Tehran University, Tehran. 93-95, 154-156 [In Persian].
    65.
  65. Bernal J.D., 2001. Science in history, Translated by Asadpour Piranfar H, Fani K., Amir Kabir, Tehran, 59, 148. [In Persian]
    66.
  66. Nayernouri T., 2010. Asclepius, Caduceus, and Simurgh as medical symbols; part II. Simurgh. Arch Iran Med. 13(3), 255-61.
    67.
  67. Azizi M.H., 2008. Gondishapur School of Medicine: the most important medical center in antiquity. Arch Iran Med. 11(1), 116-9.
    68.
  68. Babaeian M., Naseri M., Kamalinejad M., Ghaffari F., Emadi F., Feizi A., Hosseini Yekta N., Adibi P., 2015. Herbal Remedies for Functional Dyspepsia and Traditional Iranian Medicine Perspective. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 17(11), e20741.
    69.
  69. Mojahedi M., Naseri M., Majdzadeh R., Keshavarz M., Ebadiani M., Nazem E., 2012. A Review on Identification Mizaj (Temperament) Indices in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). History of Medicine Journal (Quarterly). 4(12), 37-76. [In Persian]
    70.
  70. US Food and Drug Administration. Paving the way for personalized medicine: FDA’s role in a new era of medical product development. Silver Spring: MD, US Food and Drug Administration, 2013.
    71.
  71. Chouchane L., Mamtani R., Dallol A., Sheikh J.I., 2011. Personalized medicine: a patient-centered paradigm. J Transl Med. 9, 206.
    72.
  72. Abrahams E., 2008. Right drug-right patient-right time: personalized medicine coalition. Clin Transl Sci. 1(1), 11-12.
    73.
  73. Zargari A., 1990.Medicinal plants, 6th edition. Tehran University Press, Tehran. pp. 458. [In Persian].
    74.
  74. Elliott D.B., 2014. The impact factor: a useful indicator of journal quality or fatally flawed? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 34(1), 4-7.
    75.
  75. Paulus F.M., Cruz N., Krach S., 2018. The Impact Factor Fallacy. Front Psychol. 9, 1487.
    76.
  76. Chua S.K., Qureshi A.M., Krishnan V., Pai D.R., Kamal L.B., Gunasegaran S., Afzal M.Z., Ambawatta L., Gan J.Y., Kew P.Y., Winn T., Sood S., 2017. The impact factor of an open access journal does not contribute to an article's citations. F1000Res. 6, 208.
    77.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Tregoning J., 2018. How will you judge me if not by impact factor? Nature. 558(7710), 345.
    2.
  2. Kamper S.J., 2020. Types of Research Questions: Descriptive, Predictive, or Causal. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 50(8), 468-469.
    3.
  3. Kamper S.J., 2018. Asking a Question: Linking Evidence with Practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 48(7), 596-597.
    4.
  4. Länger R., Stöger E., Kubelka W., Helliwell K., 2018. Quality Standards for Herbal Drugs and Herbal Drug Preparations - Appropriate or Improvements Necessary? Planta Med. 84(6-07), 350-360.
    5.

سکوی نشر دانش

سند یا سکوی نشر دانش ،سامانه ای جهت مدیریت حوزه علمی و پژوهشی نشریات دانشگاه آزاد می باشد

پیوندهای سایت

مراکز مرتبط

پشتیبانی

صفحات رسمی

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]