Source of Microplastic Pollution Within Human Stool in the Surabaya River Basin Area

محورهای موضوعی :

Edza Wikurendra ¹ (Doctoral School of Management and Organizational Science, Faculty of Economic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, 7400 Kaposvar, Guba Sandor Utca 40, Hungary|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Wonocolo, Surabaya 60237, Indonesia)
Sofi Aini ² (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Wonocolo, Surabaya 60237, Indonesia)
Imre Nagy ³ (Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia)
Globila Nurika ⁴ (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Jember, Sumbersari, Jember 68121, Indonesia)
Novera Herdiani ⁵ (Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Wonocolo, Surabaya 60237, Indonesia)
Shamsul Shamsudin ⁶ (Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/06/18 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/11/09 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/09/10

کلید واژه: Microplastics, River water pollution, Plastics waste, Human stool,

چکیده مقاله :

The Surabaya River is a tributary downstream of the Brantas River, which is the longest river in East Java. The source of raw water for the city of Surabaya comes from the Surabaya River. Currently, the pollutants in the Surabaya River are not only organic and heavy metals but also microplastics. This study aims to identify the microplastic content in human stool as well as possible sources of microplastic pollutants in the community living in the Surabaya river basin area. This research was conducted on ten samples of human stools in the Surabaya river basin area. The results showed that the types of microplastics found in human stool samples were divided into three types, namely the type of fibre, the type of fragment, and the type of filament. The most common types of microplastics were the types of fragments and filaments found in nine human stool samples. Meanwhile, the type of fibre was only found in seven samples of human stool. With the discovery of the three types of microplastics in human stool, the human stool in the Surabaya river basin area has been contaminated by microplastics. This can be possible because most of the respondents' drinking water consumption comes from bottled water. In general, this type of microplastic fragment can come from plastic bottles, plastic bags and pipe fragments.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Plastics E., 2016. Plastics – the Facts 2016. https://plasticseurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2016-Plastic-the-facts.pdf (Accesed September 01, 2021).


2. Liu Y., Zhou C., Li F., Liu H., Yang J., 2020. Stocks and flows of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in China: 1980-2050. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104584-104584.


3. Helinski O.K., Poor C.J., Wolfand J.M., 2021. Ridding our rivers of plastic: A framework for plastic pollution capture device selection. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 165, 112095-112095.


4. Abalansa S., El Mahrad B., Vondolia G.K., Icely J., Newton A., 2020. The Marine Plastic Litter Issue: A Social-Economic Analysis. Sustainability. 12(20), 8677.


5. Jambeck J.R., Geyer R., Wilcox C., Siegler T.R., Perryman M., Andrady A., Narayan R., Law K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science. 347(6223), 768 LP-771.


6. Lebreton L.C.M., Van Der Zwet J., Damsteeg J.W., Slat B., Andrady A., Reisser J., 2017. River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications. 8(1), 15611-15611.


7. Sholihah M.A., Anityasari M., Maftuhah D.I., 2017. Suitability assessment of the urban water management transition in the Indonesian context - A case study of Surabaya. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1855(1), 50009-50009.


8. Gregory M.R., 2009. Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364(1526), 2013-2025.


9. Murphy F., Russell M., Ewins C., Quinn B., 2017. The uptake of macroplastic & microplastic by demersal & pelagic fish in the Northeast Atlantic around Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 122(1), 353-359.


10. Neves D., Sobral P., Ferreira J.L., Pereira T., 2015. Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 101(1), 119-126.


11. Russell M., Webster L., 2021. Microplastics in sea surface waters around Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 166, 112210-112210.


12. Joo S.H., Liang Y., Kim M., Byun J., Choi H., 2021. Microplastics with adsorbed contaminants: Mechanisms and Treatment. Environmental Challenges. 3, 100042-100042.


13. Guo G., Lei M., Chen T., Yang J., 2018. Evaluation of different amendments and foliar fertilizer for immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 18(1), 239-247.


14. Mrowiec B., 2018. The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants. E3S Web Conf., 45.


15. Mariyanto M., Amir M.F., Utama W., Hamdan A.M., Bijaksana S., Pratama A., Yunginger R., Sudarningsih S., 2019. Environmental magnetism data of Brantas River bulk surface sediments, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Data in Brief. 25, 104092-104092.


16. Nugroho A.A.K., 2018. Study of Potential Microplastics on Surabaya River Fishes. http://ecoton.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Penelitian-Mikroplastik.pdf (Accesed September 01, 2021).


17. Schwabl P., Köppel S., Königshofer P., Bucsics T., Trauner M., Reiberger T., Liebmann B., 2019. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool. Annals of Internal Medicine. 171(7), 453-457.


18. Issac M.N., Kandasubramanian B., 2021. Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28, 19544–19562.


19. Amin B., Galib M., Setiawan F., 2020. Preliminary Investigation on the Type and Ditribution of Microplastics in the West Coast of Karimun Besar Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 430, 12011-12011.


20. Bellasi A., Binda G., Pozzi A., Galafassi S., Volta P., Bettinetti R., 2020. Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms. Environments. 7(4), 30.


21. Laila Q.N., Purnomo P.W., Jati O.E., 2020. Abundance of Microplastics in Sediments in Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District, Semarang City. Jurnal Pasir Laut. 4(1), 28-35.


22. Dewi I.S., Budiarsa A.A., Ritonga I.R., 2015. Distribution of microplastics in sediments in Muara Badak, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan. 4(3), 121-131.


23. Ajith N., Arumugam S., Parthasarathy S., Manupoori S., Janakiraman S., 2020. Global distribution of microplastics and its impact on marine environment—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27(21), 25970-25986.


24. Ta A.T., Babel S., 2020. Microplastic contamination on the lower Chao Phraya: Abundance, characteristic and interaction with heavy metals. Chemosphere. 257, 127234-127234.


25. Nilawati N., Sunarsih S., Sudarno S., 2020. Microplastic pollution from sea salt: its effect on public health and prevention alternatives - a review. E3S Web Conf., 202.