The Risk of Exposure To Pesticides on Autism Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

محورهای موضوعی :

Zahra Moradpour ¹ , Ali akbar Shafikhani ² , Neda Izady ³ , Rezvan Zendehdel ⁴ , Ali Omidi ⁵

1 - Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 - Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 - Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 - Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/04/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/28 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/12/10

کلید واژه: meta-analysis, autism, Pesticides, Systematic Review, Organochlorine, ASD,

چکیده مقاله :

There are always concerns about the environmental and human consequences of the widespread use of pesticides. This study aimed to determine the role of pesticides in the development of autism spectrum disorders in children through meta-analysis. All studies (11 articles) that had the potential to be used in our study were exported in EndNote X8 software and reviewed by authors. We extracted the required data, and we used Stata software (version 12) to analyze the pooled effect. Random and fixed-effect models were used to determine the combined estimation using the “metan” command.The results showed exposure to organochlorine pesticides could increase the risk of autism by 32% (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.14-1.53). The first trimester of pregnancy had the highest risk for autism (OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.15-1.31). The cumulative meta-analysis showed a decreasing trend for crude and adjusted odds ratio over time.This study showed that exposure to pesticides can increase the risk of autism, and the time of exposure to pesticides is associated with the risk of autism. These results came as the cumulative meta-analysis results for crude and adjusted odds ratios showed a decreasing trend over time.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Mostafalou S., Abdollahi M., 2017. Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Archives of Toxicology. 91(2), 549-599.


2. Matthews G. 2015. Pesticides: health, safety and the environment. John Wiley & Sons; 2015 Oct 26.


3. Alexandratos N., Bruinsma J., 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision.


4. Carson R. 2002. Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt


5. Nigg H., Beier R., Carter O., Chaisson C., Franklin C., Lavy T., Lewis R., Lombardo P., McCarthy J., Maddy K., 1990. Exposure to pesticides. The Effects of Pesticides on Human Health. 18, 35-130.


6. van den Berg H., Zaim M., Yadav R.S., Soares A., Ameneshewa B., Mnzava A., Hii J., Dash A.P., Ejov M., 2012. Global trends in the use of insecticides to control vector-borne diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(4), 577-582.


7. Billstedt E., Gillberg C., Gillberg C., 2005. Autism after adolescence: population-based 13-to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35(3), 351-360.


8. Howlin P., Moss P., Savage S., Rutter M., 2013. Social outcomes in mid-to later adulthood among individuals diagnosed with autism and average nonverbal IQ as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 52(6), 572-581. e571.


9. Pinborough-Zimmerman J., Bakian A.V., Fombonne E., Bilder D., Taylor J., McMahon W.M., 2012. Changes in the administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: contribution of special education and health from 2002–2008. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 42(4), 521-530.


10. Association A. P. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub


11. Johnson C. P., Myers S. M., 2007. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 120(5), 1183-1215.


12. Antonelli M.C., Pallarés M.E., Ceccatelli S., Spulber S., 2017. Long-term consequences of prenatal stress and neurotoxicants exposure on neurodevelopment. Progress in Neurobiology. 155, 21-35.


13. Hallmayer J., Cleveland S., Torres A., Phillips J., Cohen B., Torigoe T., Miller J., Fedele A., Collins J., Smith K., 2011. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 68(11), 1095-1102.


14. Newschaffer C.J., Croen L.A., Daniels J., Giarelli E., Grether J.K., Levy S.E., Mandell D.S., Miller L.A., Pinto-Martin J., Reaven J., 2007. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu Rev Public Health. 28, 235-258.


15. Priya M. D. L., Geetha A., 2011. Level of trace elements (copper, zinc, magnesium and selenium) and toxic elements (lead and mercury) in the hair and nail of children with autism. Biological Trace Element Research. 142(2), 148-158.


16. Sayehmiri F., Babaknejad N., Bahrami S., Sayehmiri K., Darabi M., Rezaei-Tavirani M., 2015. Zn/Cu levels in the field of autism disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology. 9(4), 1-9.


17. Russo A.J., Bazin A. P., Bigega R., Carlson III R.S., Cole M.G., Contreras D.C., Galvin M.B., Gaydorus S.S., Holik S.D., Jenkins G.P., 2012. Plasma copper and zinc concentration in individuals with autism correlate with selected symptom severity. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 5, NMI. S8761.41-47.


18. Halsey N.A., Hyman S.L., 2001. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12–13, 2000. Pediatrics. 107(5), e84-e84.


19. Wolff M.S., Landrigan P.J., 2002. Organochlorine chemicals and children's health. The Journal of Pediatrics. 140(1), 10-13.


20. Bell M.R., 2014. Endocrine-disrupting actions of PCBs on brain development and social and reproductive behaviors. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 19, 134-144.


21. Chevrier J., Eskenazi B., Holland N., Bradman A., Barr D.B., 2008. Effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides on thyroid function during pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology. 168(3), 298-310.


22. Kimura-Kuroda J., Nagata I., Kuroda Y., 2007. Disrupting effects of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on neuronal development of cerebellar Purkinje cells: a possible causal factor for developmental brain disorders? Chemosphere. 67(9), S412-S420.


23. Hertz‐Picciotto I., Park H.Y., Dostal M., Kocan A., Trnovec T., Sram R., 2008. Prenatal exposures to persistent and non‐persistent organic compounds and effects on immune system development. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 102(2), 146-154.


24. Shelton J.F., Hertz-Picciotto I., Pessah I.N., 2012. Tipping the balance of autism risk: potential mechanisms linking pesticides and autism. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(7), 944-951.


25. Roberts E.M., English P.B., Grether J.K., Windham G.C., Somberg L., Wolff C., 2007. Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115(10), 1482-1489.


26. Eskenazi B., Bradman A., Castorina R., 1999. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environmental Health Perspectives. 107(suppl 3), 409-419.


27. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G., 2010. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 8(5), 336-341.


28. Hooijmans C.R., Rovers M.M., De Vries R.B., Leenaars M., Ritskes-Hoitinga M., Langendam M.W., 2014. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 14(1), 1-9.


29. Hooijmans C.R., Rovers M.M., De Vries R.B., Leenaars M., Ritskes-Hoitinga M., Langendam M.W., 2014. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 14(1),14- 43.


30. Schmidt R. J., Kogan V., Shelton J.F., Delwiche L., Hansen R.L., Ozonoff S., Ma C.C., McCanlies E.C., Bennett D.H., Hertz-Picciotto I., 2017. Combined prenatal pesticide exposure and folic acid intake in relation to autism spectrum disorder. Environmental Health Perspectives. 125(9), 097007.


31. Brown A.S., Cheslack-Postava K., Rantakokko P., Kiviranta H., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S., McKeague I.W., Surcel H.M., Sourander A., 2018. Association of maternal insecticide levels with autism in offspring from a national birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry. 175(11), 1094-1101.


32. Hicks S.D., Wang M., Fry K., Doraiswamy V., Wohlford E.M., 2017. Neurodevelopmental delay diagnosis rates are increased in a region with aerial pesticide application. Frontiers in Pediatrics.116 (5), 1-9


33. Sagiv S.K., Harris M.H., Gunier R.B., Kogut K.R., Harley K.G., Deardorff J., Bradman A., Holland N., Eskenazi B., 2018. Prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and traits related to autism spectrum disorders in a population living in proximity to agriculture. Environmental Health Perspectives. 126(4), 047012(1)-047012(9).


34. Lyall K., Croen L. A., Sjödin A., Yoshida C.K., Zerbo O., Kharrazi M., Windham G.C., 2016. Polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples: association with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Environmental Health Perspectives. 125(3), 474-480.


35. Cheslack-Postava K., Rantakokko P.V., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S., Surcel H.M., McKeague I.W., Kiviranta H.A., Sourander A., Brown A.S., 2013. Maternal serum persistent organic pollutants in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism: A pilot study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 38, 1-5.


36. Ling C., Liew Z., von Ehrenstein O., Heck J., Park A., Cui X., Cockburn M., Wu J., Ritz B., 2018. Prenatal exposure to ambient pesticides and preterm birth and term low birthweight in agricultural regions of California. Toxics. 6(3), 1-18.


37. Philippat C., Barkoski J., Tancredi D.J., Elms B., Barr D.B., Ozonoff S., Bennett D.H., Hertz-Picciotto I., 2018. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk of autism spectrum disorders and other non-typical development at 3 years in a high-risk cohort. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 221(3), 548-555.


38. Shelton J.F., Geraghty E.M., Tancredi D.J., Delwiche L.D., Schmidt R.J., Ritz B., Hansen R.L., Hertz-Picciotto I., 2014. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 122(10), 1103-1109.


39. Christian M.A., Samms-Vaughan M., Lee M., Bressler J., Hessabi M., Grove M.L., Shakespeare-Pellington S., Desai C.C., Reece J.A., Loveland K.A., 2018. Maternal exposures associated with autism spectrum disorder in jamaican children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48(8), 2766-2778.


40. Bakian A.V., Van Derslice J.A., 2019. Pesticides and autism. British Medical Journal Publishing Group. 364:11-49


41. Liu M., Wang G., Zhang S.-Y., Zhong S., Qi G.L., Wang C.J., Chuai M., Lee K.K.H., Lu D.X., Yang X., 2016. From the cover: exposing imidacloprid interferes with neurogenesis through impacting on chick neural tube cell survival. Toxicological Sciences. 153(1), 137-148.


42. Adams J., Barone Jr S., LaMantia A., Philen R., Rice D., Spear L., Susser E., 2000. Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: neurobehavioral work group summary. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108(suppl 3), 535-544.


43. Rice D., Barone Jr S., 2000. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environmental Health Perspectives. 108(suppl 3), 511-533.


44. Do Y., Lee D.K., 2012. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the development of neuronal cells in growth period; structure-activity relationship. Experimental Neurobiology. 21(1), 30-36.


45. Carter C.J., Blizard R., 2016. Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products. Neurochemistry International. 101, 83-109.


46. D'amelio M., Ricci I., Sacco R., Liu X., D'agruma L., Muscarella L., Guarnieri V., Militerni R., Bravaccio C., Elia M., 2005. Paraoxonase gene variants are associated with autism in North America, but not in Italy: possible regional specificity in gene–environment interactions. Molecular Psychiatry. 10(11), 1006.


47. Kalliora C., Mamoulakis C., Vasilopoulos E., Stamatiades G.A., Kalafati L., Barouni R., Karakousi T., Abdollahi M., Tsatsakis A., 2018. Association of pesticide exposure with human congenital abnormalities. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 346, 58-75.


48. Croft C., 2015. Environmental hazards and neurodevelopment: Where ecology and well-being connect. CRC Press.1-9.


49. Mahmood I., Imadi S., Shazadi K., Gul A., Hakeem K., 2016. Plant, Soil and Microbes. Effects of Pesticides on Environment. Edited by Hakeem, Springer, International Publishing Switzerland. 253-269.