Lead Contamination in Playgrounds in Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)-environmental and Children Health Risk Assessment
محورهای موضوعی :
Maida Šljivić Husejnović
1
(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Esmeralda Dautović
2
(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Adaleta Softić
3
(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
کلید واژه: Children, Soil Pollution, Lead, Health risk assessment,
چکیده مقاله :
Soil contamination with heavy metals has pervaded many parts of the world which can influence on human health. Environmental and health risk assessment processes are key steps in obtaining information on potential adverse effects on human health which may arise as a result of exposure to heavy metals from the environment. Thirty samples of soil were collected in summer 2018, from 10 municipal playgrounds in Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to perform health risk assessment for children exposed to lead (Pb) from soil during their outdoor play activities. The Pb concentrations were determined by ICP-AES. Soil contamination was assessed using contamination factor and geoaccumulation index. Non-cancer risk due to exposure to Pb from soil thorough ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathway was estimated using a deterministic methodology. The results of the risk assessment indicated that the highest risk is associated with the ingestion of soil particles compared to two other exposure pathways. The mean total Hazard Index value calculated was 5.34E-02, below the threshold value of 1, indicating there was no increased health risk due to children’s exposure to Pb. Although, the study showed there was no increased risk for children’s health due to exposure to Pb from soil, there is still a rising concern regarding possible adverse effects of Pb on children’s health. It is of great importance to monitor environmental pollution and continuously assess the risk to human health, not only thorough soil, but also through other important pathways of exposure such as food, water, air, toys, etc.
1. Peng T., O’Connor D., Zhao B., Jin Y., Zhang Y., Tian L., Zheng N., Li X., Hou D., 2019. Spatial distribution of lead contamination in soil and equipment dust at children’s playgrounds in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 245, 363-370.
2. Suruchi, Khanna P., 2011.Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Different Vegetables Grown in and Around Urban Areas. Res J Environ Toxicol. 5(3), 162-179.
3. Su C., Jiang L.Q., Zhang W.J., 2014. A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: Situation, impact and remediation techniques. Environ Skep Crit. 3(2), 24-38.
4. Wang M., Xu Y., Pan S., Zhang J., Zhong A, Song H., Ling W., 2011. Long-Term Heavy Metal Pollution and Mortality in a Chinese Population: An Ecologic Study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 142, 362-379.
5. Li G., Sun G.X., Ren Y., Luo X.S., Zhu Y.G., 2018. Urban soil and human health: a review. Eur J Soil Sci. 69, 196-215.
6. Mehr M.R., Keshavarzi B., Moore F., Sharifi R., Lahijanzedeh A., Kermani M., 2017. Disturbance, source identification and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in urban areas of Isfahan province, Iran. J Afr Earth Sci. 132, 16-26.
7. Gope M., Masto R.E., George J., Hoque R.R., Balachandran S., 2017. Bioavailability and health risk of some potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in street dust of Asansol, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 138, 231-241.
8. Frank J.J., Poulakos A.G., Tornero-Velez R., Xue J., 2019. Systematic review and meta-analysis of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016. Sci Tot Environ. 694(1), 133489.
9. Dautovic E., Sljivic Husejnovic M., Bergant M., SabitovićD., Srabović N., Smajlović A., Begić L., Softić A., 2019. Lead and cadmium induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on HL-60 and Jurkat cell lines. Genetics & Application. 3(1), 57-64.
10. Liu H., Probst A., Liao B., 2005. Metal contamination of soils and crops affected by the Chenzhou lead/zinc
mine spill (Hunan, China). Sci Tot Environ. 339, 153-166.
11. Rehman K., Fatima F., Waheed I., Akash M.S.H., 2017. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health concequences. J Cell Biochem. 119(1), 157-184.
12. Sanders T., Liu Y., Buchner V., Tchoumwou P.B, 2009. Neurotoxic Effects of Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review Rev Environ Health. 24(1), 15-45.
13. Wani A.L., Ara A., Usmani J.A., 2015. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 8(2), 55-64.
14. Laidlaw M.A.S., Filippelli G.M., Brown S., Paz-Ferreiro J., Reichman S.M., Netherway P., Truskewycz A., Ball A.S., Mielke H.W., 2017. Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination. Appl Geochem. 83, 14-30.
15. Chen A., Cai B., Dietrich K.N., Radcliffe J., Rogan W.J., 2007. Lead exposure, IQ and behavior in urban 5- to 7-year-olds: does lead affect behavior only by lowering IQ?. Pediatrics. 119(3), 650-658.
16. ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Lead Toxicity, ATSDR WB2832, 2017-2019. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&po=0 (Accessed September 7, 2020).
17. Taylor M.P., Camenzuli D., Kristensen L.J., Forbes M., Zahran S., 2013. Environmental lead exposure risks associated with children’s outdoor playgrounds. Environ Pollut. 178, 447-454.
18. De Miguel E., Iribarren I., Chacon E., Ordonez A., Charlesworth S., 2007. Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere. 66(3), 505-513.
19.Valskys V., Ignatavicius G., Sinkevicius S., Gasiunait U., 2016. Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in Playgrounds of Kindergartens in Vilnius. J Environ Sci Int. 25(1), 11-21.
20.Soil quality — Sampling – Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes, ISO Standard 10381-1, 2002.
21.Soil quality-sampling. Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination, ISO Standard 10381-5, 2005.
22.Soil quality - Sampling. Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil under aerobic conditions for the assessment of microbiological processes, biomass and diversity in the laboratory, ISO Standard 10381-6, 2009.
23.Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc – Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods, ISO Standard 11047, 1998.
24.Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis, ISO Standard 11464, 2006.
25.Soil quality — extraction of trace elements souble in aqua regia, ISO Standard 11466, 1995.
26.Sljivic Husejnovic M., Bergant M., Jankovic S., Zizek S., Smajlovic A., Softic A., Music O., Antonijevic B., 2018. Assessment of Pb, Cd and Hg soil contamination aqnd its potential to cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human cell lines (CaCo-2 and HaCaT). Environ. Geochem. Health. 40(4), 1557-1572.
27. US EPA Framework for Metals Risk Assessment, EPA 120/R-07/001, 2007. https://www. epa.gov/ sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/metals-risk-assessment-final.pdf (Accessed September 7, 2020)
28.US EPA Exposure factors handbook, EPA 600/R-09/052F, 2011. https:// cfpub. epa. gov/ ncea/ risk/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252 (Accessed September 7, 2020)
29.US EPA Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites, OSWER 9355.4-24, 2002. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-soil-screening-guidance (Accessed September 7, 2020)
30. Li Z., Na Z., Jan van der Kuijp T., Yuan Z., Huang L., 2017. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: Pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Tot Environ. 468-469, 843-853.
31.Man Y.B., Sun X.L., Zhao Y.G., Lopez B.N., Chung S.S., Wu S.C., Cheung K.C., Wong M.H., 2010. Health risk assessment of abandoned agricultural soils based on heavy metal contents in Hong Kong, the world's most populated city. Environ Int. 36, 570-376.
32. US EPA Lead and compounds (inorganic). Integrated Risk Information System, US EPA, 2004. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0277_summary.pdf (Accessed September 7, 2020)
33.US EPA Risk assessment guidance for Superfund. Human health evaluation manual, EPA/540/1-89/002. Vol.I, 1989. https://www.epa. gov/sites/production /files/2015-09/documents/rags_a.pdf (Accessed September 7, 2020)
34. USDoE The risk assessment information System (RAIS), 2011. https://rais.ornl.gov (Accessed September 7, 2020)
35.Ordinance on Identification of the Allowable Amounts of Harmful and Hazardous Substances in Soil and Methods of their Examination, Official Gazette F BiH 72/09, 2009. http://www.podaci.net/_gBiH/propis/Pravilnik_o_utvrdjivanju/P-udksom04v0972.html (Accessed September 7, 2020)
36. Law of Agricultural Land, Official Gazette F BiH 52/09, 2009. http://www. fbihvlada.gov.ba /bosanski /zakoni/2009/zakoni/32bos.htm (Accessed September 7, 2020)
37.Moya J., Phillips L.A., 2014. A review of soil and dust ingestion studies for children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 24, 545–554.
38. Calabrese E.J., Stanek E.J., James R.C., Roberts S.M., 1997. Soil ingestion: a concern for acute toxicity in children. Environ. Health Perspect. 105(12), 1354-1358.
39. Yabe J., Makumba J., Schutzmeier P., Ericson B., Caravanos J., 2018. Lead intoxicated children in Kabwe, Zambia. Environ Res. 165, 420-424.
40. Cao S., Duan X., Zhao X., Chen Y., Wang B., Sun C., Zheng B., Wei F., 2016. Health risks of children’s cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China. Chemosphere. 147, 404-411.
41.Tchounwou P.B., Yedjou C.G., Patlolla A.K., Sutton D.J., 2012. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Mol ClinEnvironToxicol. 101, 133-164.
42. Shen Z., Hou D., Zhang P., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Shi P, O’Connor D., 2018. Lead-based paint in children’s toys sold on China’s major online shopping platforms. Environ Pollut. 241, 311-318.
