Thyroid Function and some Biochemical Indices in Male Active Smokers in Calabar Metropolis

محورهای موضوعی :

Nsonwu-Anyanwu Augusta Chinyere ¹ (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria)
Egbe Edmund Richard ² (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria)
Offor Sunday Jeremaiah ³ (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria)
Adeola Segun ⁴ (Department of Biochemistry Lagos state University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria)
Usoro Chinyere Adanna Opara ⁵ (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria)
Ogundipe Sunday ⁶ (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria)

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/06/27 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1395/06/27

کلید واژه: SMOKERS, Calcium, vitamin C, albumin, Cigarette, Thyroid function,

چکیده مقاله :

Alterations in the homeostasis of biomolecules and multiple organ dysfunctions associated with cigarette smoke may suggest a dose dependent mechanism. This study assessed the triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), calcium (Ca), albumin and vitamin C levels in relation to smoking pack years (SPY) in male active smokers. Ninety consenting males (18-60 yr) comprising of moderate smokers (n=26), light smokers (n=24) and non-smokers (n=40) were studied. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, TSH and cotinine were determined by ELISA, calcium, albumin and vitamin C by colorimetry. The BMI, calcium, albumin, vitamin C and TSH were higher and cotinine, T3 and T4 lower in non-smokers compared to moderate and light smokers. Light smokers had higher BMI, vitamin C and TSH and lower cotinine, T3 and T4 compared to moderate smokers. In smokers, cotinine correlated positively with SPY (r = 0.838, P = 0.000), T3 (r=0.339, P = 0.005), T4 (r = 0.443, P = 0.001) and negatively with BMI (r = -0.478, P = 0.000), vitamin C (r=-0.407, P=0.003) and TSH (r = -0.510, P = 0.000) while SPY correlated positively with T3 (r=0.586, P = 0.000), T4 (r = 0.608, P = 0.000) and negatively with BMI (r = -0.597, P = 0.000), vitamin C (r = -0.599, P = 0.000), albumin (r = -0.281, P = 0.048) and TSH (r = -0.578, P = 0.000). Cigarette smoking and increasing smoking pack year may be associated with abnormal thyroid function and altered calcium, albumin and vitamin C homeostasis.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2009. Report on the global tobacco epidemic, Implementing smoke-free environments. www.who.int/tobacco/mpower (Accessed March 14, 2016).
2. Balhara Y.P.S., Deb K.S., 2014. Impact of tobacco on thyroid function. Thyroid Res Practice. 11(1), 6-16.
3. Mostafa T., 2010. Cigarette smoking and male infertility. J Adv Res. 1, 179ââ‚‌“186.
4. Singh M., Tiwari S., Singh M., Singh,M.P., Bhave D., Singh J., 2015. Induced Biochemical Changes and Associated Complications In Smokers. IOSR J Biotechnol Biochem (IOSR-JBB). 1(14), 15-18.
5. Mathew A.C., Kurian R., Akshaya K.M, Karthikeyan S., Chacko T.V., 2014. Association be-tween smoking and body mass index among males aged 20 years and above: A study in rural Tamil Nadu, South India South East. Asia J Public Health. 4(1), 53-58.
6. Pincemail J., Vanbelle S., Degrune F., Cheramy-Bien J.P., Charlier C., Chapelle J.P, Giet D., Collette G., Albert A., Defraigne J.O., 2011. Lifestyle Behaviours and Plasma Vitamin C and β-Carotene Levels from the ELAN Population (Li`ege, Belgium). J Nutr Metabol. Article ID 494370, 10 Pp doi:10.1155/2011/494370 pp 1-11.
7. Alsalhen K.S., Abdalsalam R.D., Abdalsalam A., 2014. Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions: a comparative study conducted among smokers and non-smokers male in El-beida City, Libya. Int Current Pharmaceutical J. 3(7), 291-295.
8. Meral I., Arslan A., Him A., Arslan H., 2015. Smoking-related Alterations in Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones and Insulin in Female and Male Students. Alternative Therapies Health Med. 21(5), 24-29.
9. Adunmo G.O., Adesokan A.A., Akanji M.A., Bili-aminu S.A, AbdulAzeez I.M., Adunmo E., 2015. Lipid Peroxide Levels, Antioxidant Status, and Protein Changes in Nigerian Smokers. Int J Sci: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR). 21(1), 69-77.
10. Sawicka-Gutaj N., Gutaj P., SowiÅ„ski J., Wender-Ożegowska E., Czarnywojtek A., BrÄ…zert M., RuchaÅ‚a M., 2014. Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland ââ‚‌” an update. Endokrynol Pol. 65(1), 54ââ‚‌“62).
11. Kapoor D., Jones T.H., 2005. Smoking and hor-mones in health and endocrine disorders. Europ J Endocrinol. 152, 491ââ‚‌“499.
12. Plurphanswat N., Rodu B., 2014. The association of smoking and demographic characteristics on body mass index and obesity among adults in the U.S., 1999ââ‚‌“2012. BMC Obesity. 1, 18-27.
13. Grizzell J.A., Echeverria V., 2014. New insights into the mechanisms of action of cotinine and its distinctive effects from nicotine. Neurochem Res. 27, 2032ââ‚‌“2046.
14. Franklin W., Lowell F.C., 1961. Unrecognized airway obstruction associated with smoking: a probable forerunner of obstructive pulmonary emphysema. Ann Intern Med. 54, 379ââ‚‌“86.
15. Spector D.A., Davis P.J., Helderman J.H., Bell B., Utiger R.D., 1976. Thyroid function and metabolic state in chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med. 85(6), 724-730.
16. Robbin J., 1973. Radioassay and Thyroid Gland. Metabolism. 22(8), 1021 - 1025
17. Engall E., 1980. Estimation of thyroid smoking hormone. In: Vunakis H., Langone J.J. (eds.). Methods in Enzymology. Van Academic Press, New York. 7, 419-492.
18. Langone J.J., Cook G., Bjercke R., Lifshitz M.H., 1988. Monoclonal antibody ELISA for cotinine in saliva and urine of active and passive smokers. J Immunol Methods. 114, 74-78.
19. Roe J.H., Kuether C.A., 1943. Determination of vitamin C. J Biol Chem. 147, 399.
20. Stern J., Lewis W.H.P., 1957. The colorimetric estimation of calcium in serum with O-cresolphthalein complexone. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2(6), 576-80.
21. Doumas B.T., Biggs H.G, 1972. Determination of serum albuminââ‚‌“ Standard methods of clinical chemistry ââ‚‌“ Acad. Press. N.Y. 7,175-188.
22. Sneve M., Jorde R., 2008. Cross-sectional study on the relationship between body mass index and smoking, and longitudinal changes in body mass index in relation to change in smoking status: the Tromso Study. Scand J Public Health. 36, 397ââ‚‌“407.
23. Jo Y.H., Talmage D.A., Role L.W., 2002. Nicotinic receptor-mediated effects on appetite and food intake. J Neurobiol. 53, 618ââ‚‌“632.
24. Berlin I., 2009. Endocrine and metabolic effects of smoking cessation. Current Med Res Opinion. 25,527ââ‚‌“34.
25. Huot I., Paradis G., Ledoux M., 2004. Quebec Heart Health Demonstration Project Research Group. Factors associated with overweight and obesity in Quebec adults. Int J Obesity Related Metabol Dis. 28(6), 766ââ‚‌“74.
26. Kaufman A., Augustson E.M., Patrick H., 2012. Unraveling the Relationship between Smoking and Weight: The Role of Sedentary Behavior. J Obesity. Article ID 735465, 11 Pp. doi: 10.1155/2012/735465 pp1 -12.
27. Young-Hwan J., Talmage D.A., Role L.W., 2002. Nicotinic Receptor-Mediated Effects on Appetite and Food Intake. J Neurobiol. 53(4), 618ââ‚‌“632.
28. Shah M., Hannan P.J., Jeffery R.W., 1991. Secular trend in body mass index in the adult population of three communities from the upper mid-western part of the U.S.A.; the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Int J Obes. 15, 499-503.
29. Zainulabdeen J.A., Alak S.A., 2014. Effects of Smoking on Proteins Level and Alpha Amylase Activity in Sera of Iraqi Narghile Smokers. South East Asia J Public Health. 4(1), 53-58.
30. Alsalhen K.S., Abdalsalam R.D., 2014. Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions: a comparative study conducted among smokers and non-smokers male in El-beida City, Libya. Int Current Pharmaceut J. 3(7), 291-295.
31. Emerson T.E., 1989. Unique features of albumin. A review Crit Care Med. 17, 690-694.
32. Marx G., Chevion M., 1985. Site-specific modification of albumin by free radicals. Biochem J. 236, 397-400.
33. Hu M.L., Louie S., Cross C.E., Motchnik P., Halli-well B., 1993. Antioxidant protection against hypo-chlorous acid in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med. 121(2), 257-262.
34. Halliwell B., 1988. Albumin an important extracellular antioxidant? Biochem Pharmacol. 37(4), 569-571.
35. Roche M., Rondean N.R., Singh E., Tarnus E., 2008. The antioxidants properties of serum albumin. Federation of European Biochemical Society. 582, 1783-1787.
36. Tweed, J.O., Hsia, S.H., Lutfy, K., Friedman, T.C., 2012. The endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 23(7), 334ââ‚‌“342.
37. Zhang X.Y., Leung F.W., 1994. Cigarette smoke aggravates acid induced duodenal mucosal injury in the rat: Role of mesenteric vasoconstriction. Scand J Gastroenterol. 29, 214ââ‚‌“218.
38. Krall E.A., Dawson-Hughes B., 1999. Smoking Increases Bone Loss and Decreases Intestinal Calcium Absorption. J Bone Miner Res. 1, 14(2), 215-220.
39. Chatterjee S., Nandi R., 2015. Association Effect of Smoking on Bone Mineral Density, Serum Vitamin-D, Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphate, Serum Alkaline Phosphatases and Sex Hormones (Estradiol and Estriol) on Adult Females. Int Res J Medical Sci. 3(7), 1-7.
40. Padmavathi P., Reddy V.D., Varadacharyulu N., 2009. Influence of chronic cigarette smoking on serum biochemical profile in male human volunteers. J Health Sci. 55(2), 265- 270.
41. Waheeb D., Alharbi M., 2012. Electrolyte changes in cigarette smoking Male students. Pak J Pharmacol. 29(1), 33-38.
42. Zhao Z., Reece E.A., 2005. Nicotine induced em-bryonic malformations mediated by apoptosis from increasing intracellular calcium and oxidative stress. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 74(5), 383-391.
43. Zia S., Ndoye A., Nguyen V.T., Grando S.A., 1997. Nicotine enhances expression of the alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, and alpha 7 nicotinic receptors modulating calcium metabolism and regulating adhesion and motility of respiratory epithelial cells. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 97(3), 243-262.
44. Adikema N.A., Adu E.M., 2013. Serum Lipids and Vitamin C Levels of Male Cigarette Smokers in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Med J Babylon. 10(4), 976-984.
45. Arinola O.G., Akinosun A.M., 2008. Antioxidant vitamins, nitric oxide and acute phase proteins in Nigerian cigarette smokers. Afr J Biomed Res. 11, 291 ââ‚‌“ 295.
46. Kelly G., 2003. Smoking and Ascorbic Acid, The Interaction of Cigarette Smoking and Antioxidants. Part III: Ascorbic Acid Alternative Medicine Review. 8(1), 43-54.
47. Pryor W.A., Stone K., 1993. Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 686, 12ââ‚‌“27.
48. Pryor W.A., 1997. Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect. 105, S875ââ‚‌“S882.
49. Langlois M., Duprez D., Delanghe J., De B.M., Clement D.L., 2001. Serum vitamin C concentration is low in peripheral arterial disease and is associated with inflammation and severity of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 103, 1863ââ‚‌“1868.
50. Anderson R., 1991. Assessment of the roles of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene in the modulation of oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke-activated phagocytes. Am J Clin Nutr. 53, S358ââ‚‌“S361.
51. Lykkesfeldt J., Loft S., Nielsen J.B., Poulsen H.E., 1997. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by smoking. Am J Clin Nutr. 65, 959ââ‚‌“963.
52. Lykkesfeldt J., Viscovich M., Poulsen H.E., 2003. Ascorbic acid recycling in human erythrocytes is in-duced by smoking in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 35, 1439ââ‚‌“1447.
53. Soldin O.P., Goughenour B.E., Gilbert S.Z., 2009. Thyroid hormone levels associated with active and passive cigarette smoking. Thyroid. 19, 817ââ‚‌“823.
54. Asvold B., Bjøro T., Nilsen T.I.L., Vatten L.J., 2007. Tobacco smoking and thyroid funcÂÂ‌tion: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 167, 1428ââ‚‌“1432.
55. Shields B., Hill A., Bilous M., Knight B., Hattersley A.T., Bilous R.W., Vaidya B., 2009. Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy Is Associated with Alterations in Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94(2), 570ââ‚‌“574
56. Ericsson U. B., Lindgärde F., 1991. Effects of cigarette smoking on thyroid function and the prevalence of goitre, thyrotoxicosis and autoimmune thyroiditis. J Intern Med. 229(1), 67-71.
57. Balfour D.J.K., 1989. Influence of nicotine on the release of monoamines in the brain. Progress Brain Res. 79, 165-172.
58. Utiger R.D., 1998. Effect of smoking on thyroid function. Europ J Endocrinol. 138, 368 ââ‚‌“ 369.
59. Müller B., Zulewski H., Huber P., Ratcliffe J.G., Staub J.J., 1995. Impaired Action Of Thyroid Hormone Associated With Smoking In Women With Hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 333, 964-969.
60. Kabat G.C., Kim M.Y., Wactawski-Wende J., 2012. Smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to risk of thyroid cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. 36, 335ââ‚‌“340.
61. Kitahara C.M., Linet M.S., Freeman L.E.B., 2012. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospecÂÂ‌tive studies in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 23, 1615ââ‚‌“1624.
62. Chen W.J., Kelly R.B., 2005. Effect of prenatal or perinatal nicotine exposure on neonatal thyroid status and offspring growth in rats. Life Sci. 76, 1249ââ‚‌“1258.
63. Fisher C.L., Mannino D.M., Herman W.H., Frumkin H., 1997. Cigarette smoking and thyroid hormone levels in males. Int J Epidemiol. 26(5), 972-7.
64. Florescu A., Ferrence R., Einarson T., Selby P., Soldin O., Koren G., 2009. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke; focus on de-velopmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit. 31(1), 14-30.
65. Georgiadis E., Papapostolou C., Korakis T., Evagelopoulou K., Mantzoros C., Batrinos M., 1997. The influence of smoking habits on thyroid gland volume: an ultrasonic approach. J R Soc Health. 117, 355ââ‚‌“358.
66. Belin R.M., Astor B.C., Powe N.R., Ladenson P.W., 2004. Smoke exposure is associated with a lower prevalence of serum thyroid autoantibodies and thyrotropin concentration elevation and a higher prevalence of mild thyrotropin concentration suppression in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89, 6077ââ‚‌“6086.
67. Jorde R., Sundsfjord J., 2006. Serum TSH levels in smokers and non-smokers. The 5th Tromsø study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 114, 343ââ‚‌“347.