Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Zinc in Ghee Consumed in Kermanshah City, Western Iran using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
محورهای موضوعی :Soheil Sobhanardakani 1 , Lobat Taghavi 2
1 - Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Department of the Environmental Pollution, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
کلید واژه: Zinc, Arsenic, Food Safety, Ghee, Health risk assessment,
چکیده مقاله :
This study was carried out for analysis and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of arsenic (As) and zinc (Zn) in some of consumed brands of ghee marketed in Kermanshah City, western Iran in 2015. For this purpose, 12 samples of four popular brands of ghee were analyzed for levels of As and Zn after digestion with acids using atomic absorption spectrometry in 3 replications and health index was obtained. The results showed that the mean concentrations of As and Zn in ghee samples were 0.37±0.12 and 272.83±81.55 µg/kg, respectively. The mean concentration of As and Zn in ghee samples were lower than WHO maximum permissible limits (100 µg/kg for As and 10000 µg/kg for Zn). In addition, health risk assessment showed that no potential risk for children and adult by consume of the ghee samples. According to the results, although consumption of studied ghee has not adverse effect on the consumers’ health, but concerning to the grazing the livestock on soils polluted by heavy metals due to the increased use of agricultural inputs by farmers, industrial development and establishment of pastures near the roads, it is very important to take the appropriate measures during the production process and the treat products before selling them to markets by companies.
1. Ilyas M., Hussain M., Khan H., Zaheer I., 1994. Extraction and determination of residual nickel in hydrogenated oil. Phys Chem. 13, 123-131.
2. Ahmad W., Ur Rehman H., Aamir M., Urooj M., Hafiz N., Masood Z., Ullah M., Ahmad I., 2014. Contents in selected Vanaspati ghee through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 5(12), 970-973.
3. Francesco C., Raggi A., 2005. Determination of cadmium, lead, iron, nickel and chromium in selected food matrices by plasma spectrometric techniques. Microchem J.79(1-2), 91-96.
4. Khansari F.E., Ghazi-Khansari M., Abdolahi M., 2005. Heavy metal content of canned tuna fish. Food Chem. 93(2), 293-296.
5. Ptashynski M.D., Pedlar R.M., Evans R.E., Baron C.L., Klaverkamp J.F., 2002. Toxicology of dietary nickel in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Aquat Toxicol. 58, 229-247.
6. Turkmen M., Turkmen A., Tepe Y., Tore Y., Ates A., 2009. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Food Chem. 113, 233-237.
7. Boadi N.O., Twumasi S.K., Badu M., Osei I., 2011. Heavy metal contamination in canned fish marketed in Ghana. Am J Sci Ind Res. 2(6), 877-882.
8. Järup L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Med Bull. 68, 167-182.
9. Tahsin N., Yankov B., 2007. Research on accumulation of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in sunflower oil. J Tekirdag Agric Fac. 4(1), 109-111.
10. Sobhanardakani S., Jamshidi K., 2015. Assessment of metals (Co, Ni, and Zn) content in the sediments of Mighan Wetland using geo-accumulation index. Iran J Toxicol. 30, 1386-1390.
11. Grattan B.J., Freake H.C., 2012. Zinc and cancer: Implications for LIV-1 in breast cancer. Nutr. 4(7), 648-675.
12. World Health Organization, 2010. WHO Human Health Risk Assessment Toolkit: Chemical Hazards. International Programme on Chemical Safety.
13. Sobhanardakani S., 2016. Health risk assessment of As and Zn in canola and soybean oils consumed in Kermanshah City. J Adv Environ Health Res. In Press.
14. Sharma H., Zhang X., Dwivedi C., 2010. The
effect of ghee (clarified butter) on serum lipid levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation. Ayu. 31(2):134-140.
15. Anwar F., Kazi T.G., Saleem R., Bhanger M.I., 2004. Rapid determination of some trace metals in several oils and fats. Grasas Aceites. 55, 160-168.
16. Horwitz W., Latimer G.W., 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (18th ed.). Gaithersburg, Md.: AOAC International.
17. Omar W.A., Zaghloul K.H., Abdel-Khalek A.A., Abo-Hegab, S., 2013. Risk assessment and toxic effects of metal pollution in two cultured and wild fish species from highly degraded aquatic habitats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 65(4), 753-764.
18. Apau J., Acheampong A., Appiah J.A., Ansong E., 2014. Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tubers from markets in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. Int J Sci Technol. 3(9), 534-539.
19. Goldhaber S.B., 2003. Trace element risk assessment: essentiality vs. toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 38, 232-242.
20. FAO/WHO., 2011. Food Standard Programme, Codex committee on contaminants in foods. Fifth Session, The Hague, Netherlands.
21. World Health Organization (WHO), 2003. Summary and conclusions of the sixtyfirst meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). JEFCA/61/SC. Rome.
22. JECFA., 2003. Summary and conclusions of the 61st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. JECFA/61/Sc: Rome, Italy.
23. Fu Q.L., Liu Y., Li L., Achal V., 2014. A survey on the heavy metal contents in Chinese traditional egg products and their potential health risk assessment. Food Addit Contam B. 7(2), 99-105.
24. Khan H., Fida M., Mohammadzai IU., Khan M., 2007. Estimation of residual nickel and some heavy metals in Vanaspati ghee. J Chinese Chem Soc. 54, 737-741.
25. Anwar F., Kazi T.G., Saleem R., Bhanger M.I., 2004. Rapid determination of some trace metals in several oils and fats. Grasas Aceites. 55, 160-168.
26. Latif A., Khan F., Noor S., Rahman A., 2009.
Microwave acid-digestion method for determination of nickel, pro-oxidants and other heavy metals in different brands of banaspati ghee. Sci Technol Develop. 28(2), 23-31.
27. Ru Q.M., Feng Q., He J.Z., 2013. Risk assessment of heavy metals in honey consumed in Zhejiang province, southeastern China. Food Chem Toxicol. 53, 256–262.
28. Liang Q., Xue Z.J., Wang F., Sun Z.M., Yang Z.X., Liu S.Q., 2015. Contamination and health risks from heavy metals in cultivated soil in Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province, China. Environ Monit Assess. 187, 754.
