Evaluation of Pentachlorophenol Residues in Some Hygienic Papers Prepared from Virgin and Secondary Pulp by Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Method

محورهای موضوعی :

Behrouz Akbari-adergani ¹ , Soheyl Eskandari ² , Asad Hashemi ³ , Maral Shekarchi ⁴

1 - Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Educa-tion, Tehran, Iran
2 - Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Educa-tion, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of wood and Paper Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 - Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Educa-tion, Tehran, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1394/11/06 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1394/11/06

کلید واژه: Contamination, Toxicity, Pentachlorophenol, Secondary pulp, Hygienic paper,

چکیده مقاله :

In this study, residual amount of pentachlorophenol (PCP) as the most important paper preservative, which is extremely hazardous pollutant, was determined in some tissue papers and napkins. Twenty-five samples of two producing hygienic paper factories prepared from virgin and secondary pulp were analyzed for the presence of trace amount of PCP. The analytical procedure involved direct extraction of PCP from hygienic paper and its determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The statistical results for the analysis of all samples revealed that there were significant differences between mean of PCP in hygienic papers prepared from virgin and secondary pulp (P<0.05). This method gave recoveries of 86-98% for hygienic paper made from virgin pulp and 79-92% for hygienic paper made from secondary pulp. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for PCP were 6.3 and 21.0 mg/kg, respectively. The analytical method has the requisite sensitivity, accuracy, precision and specificity to assay PCP in hygienic papers. This study demonstrates a concern with exposition to PCP considering that hygienic paper is largely consumed in the society.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Koistinen J., Kukkonen J.V.K, Sormunen A., Mannila E., Herve S., Vartiainen T., 2007. Bioaccumulation, bioavailability and environmental fate of chlorophenol impurities, polychlorinated hydroxydiphenylethers and their methoxy analogues. Chemosphere. 68, 1382-1391.
2. Yang S., Han X., Wei C., Chen J., Yin D., 2005. The toxic effects of pentachlorophenol on rat Sertoli cells in vitro. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 20, 182-187.
3. WHO (1987) Pentachlorophenol (Environmental Health Criteria 71, 236 Seiten, 36 Tab. World Health Organization, Geneva, 236.
4. Eduljee G., 1999. Secondary exposure to dioxins through exposure to PCP and its derivatives. Sci Total Environ. 232, 193-214.
5. Birnbaum L.S., 1995. Developmental effects of dioxins and related endocrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicol Lett. 82/83,743-750.
6. Gerhard I., Frick A., Monga B., 1999. Pentachloro-phenol Exposure in Women with Gynecological and Endocrine Dysfunction. Environ Res. 80, 383-388.
7. Becker R., Buge H.G., Win T., 2002. Determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in waste wood method comparison by a collaborative trial. Chemosphere. 47, 1001-1006.
8. Awawdeh A.M., Harmon H.J., 2005. Spectrophotometric detection of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water using immobilized and water-soluble porphyrins. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 20, 1595-1601.
9. The National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) (2006) Ministry of Health of Brazil, Resolução n. 164, de 18/08/2006 ANVISA/MS, VISALEGIS.
10. Movassaghi K., Hemmatian Z., Akbari-adergani B., Palmizano G., 2006. A preliminary investigation of total organic carbon variation in influent and effluent of Isfahan (Iran) water treatment plant, urban network and Fellman wells. Annali di Chimica. 96, 389-398.
11. Noguera P., Maquieira A., Puchades R., Brunet E., Carramolino M.M., Rodriguez-Ubis J.C., 2002. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening contamination by chlorophenols in environmental waters. J Environ Monitor. 4, 442-448.
12. Bianchi F., Caseri M., Mucchino C., Musci M., 2002. Improved determination of chlorophenols in water by solid-phase microextraction followed by benzoylation and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Chromatographia. 55, 595-600.
13. Hagenbarth M.J., 2005. Paper and paperboard industry protocol for sampling and analysis of recycled materials intended for food packaging applications. Food Addit Contamin. 22, 1042-1052.
14. Muiño M.A.F., Lozano J.S., 1991. Mass spectrometric determination of pentachlorophenol in honey. Analytica Chimica Acta. 247, 121-123.
15. Campillo N., Peñalver R., Hernández-Córdoba M., 2006. Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction conditions for the determination of chlorophenols in honey samples using gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 1125, 31-37.
16. Raquel F., Tania M.P., Casiano P.Z.N., Adriano B., 2009. Investigation of Pentachlorophenol in edible gelatin and its paperboard packaging in southern Brazil. Electronic J Environ Agri Food Chemistr. 8, 492-499.
17. Bestamin O., 2007. Chlorophenols in leachates originating from different landfills and aerobic composting plants. J Hazard Mater. 124, 107-112.
18. Laishun S., Na L., Congcong W., Chenghuan W., 2010. Catalytic oxidation and spectroscopic analysis of simulated wastewater containing o-chlorophenol by using chlorine dioxide as oxidant. J Hazard Mater. 178, 1137-1140.
19. Menghau S., Chin Pao H., 2007. Kinetics of the degradation of 2-chlorophenol by ozonation at pH 3. J Hazard Mater. 141, 140-147.
20. Akbari-adergani B., Norouzi P., Ganjali M.R., Dinarvand R., 2010. Ultrasensitive flow-injection electrochemical method for determination of histamine in tuna fish samples. Food Res Int. 43, 1116-1122.
21. Ganjali M.R., Norouzi P., Akbari-adergani B., Riahi S., 2007. An Asymetric Lutetium (III) Microsensor Based on N-(2-Furylmethylene) Pyridine-2,6-Diamine for Determination of Lutetium(III) Ions. Anal Lett. 40, 1923-1928.
22. Rezvani-Boroujeni A., Javanbakht M., Karimi M., Shahrjerdi C., Akbari-adergani B., 2015. Immoblization of Thiol-Functionalized Nanosilica on the Surface of Poly (ether sulfone) Membranes for the Removal of Heavy-Metal Ions from Industrial Wastewater Samples. Industr Engin Chemist Res. 54(1), 502-513.
23. Rezai M., Akbari-adergani B., Shekarchi M., 2014. Sensitive Detection of Melamine in Infant Milk and Coffee Mate by a Buffer Mediated Extraction and HPLC-PDA Analytical Method. J Chem Health Risks. 4(4), 45ââ‚‌“54.
24. Akbari-adergani B., Gharanfoli F., Hassanzadeh Khayyat M., Khashyarmanesh Z., Rezaee R., Karimi Gh., 2012. Determination of heavy metals in different honey brands from Iranian markets. Food Addit Contamin. Part B 1-7.
25. The National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVI-SA) (2002) Ministry of Health of Brazil, Resolução n. 130, de 10/05/2002 ANVISA/MS, VISALEGIS.
26. Triantafyllou V.I., Akrida-Demertzi K., Demertzis P.G., 2007. A study on the migration of organic pollu-tants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices. Food Chemistr. 101, 1759-1768.
27. Ozaki A., Yamaguchi Y., Fujita T., Kuroda K., Endo T., 2004. Chemical analysis and genotoxicological safety assessment of paper and paperboard used for food packaging. Food Chem Toxicol. 42, 1323-1337.
28. Bras I., Lemos L., Alves A., Pereira M.F.R., 2005. Sorption of pentachlorophenol on pine bark. Chemo-sphere. 60, 1095-1100.
29. Al-kurdi Z., Al-jallad T., Badwanamd A., Jaber A.M.Y., 1999. High performance liquid chromatog-raphy method for determination of methyl-5-benzoyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (mebendazole) and its main degradation product in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Talanta. 50, 1089-1097.
30. Berger U., Herzke D., Sandanger T.M., 2004. Two trace analytical methods for determination of hydroxylated PCBs and other halogenated phenolic compounds in eggs from Norwegian birds of prey. Anal Chem. 76(2), 441-452.
31. Buhr A., Genning C., Salthammer T., 2000. Trace analysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in wood and wood-based products ââ‚‌“ comparison of sample preparation procedures. J Anal Chem. 367(1), 73-78.
32. Gaspar I.F., Polese L., Minelli E.V., Ribeiro M.L., Jardim E.F.G., 1997. Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Drinking Water. J Brazilian Chem Soc. 8(5), 50-53.
33. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) (1996) Topic Q2B: Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Geneva.