Trace Monitoring of Phthalate Esters in Environmental Water Samples by Ionic Liquid-based Ultrasound-assisted In-situ Solvent Formation Microextraction Combined with High-performance Liquid Chromatography

محورهای موضوعی :

Mohsen Zeeb ¹ , Hadi Farahani ²

1 - Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 - Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1396/04/05 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1397/06/25

کلید واژه: Ionic liquid, Phthalate esters, Environmental water samples, High-performance liquid chromatography, microextraction,

چکیده مقاله :

A simple and efficient ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in-situ solvent formation microextraction (IL-UA-ISFME) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) has been gainfully developed for the trace determination of four phthalate esters (PEs) in environmental water samples. In this method, a hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was created by addition of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) to sample solution constituting an ion-pairing agent (NaPF6). The analytes were extracted inside the ionic liquid phase while the microextraction solvent was dispersed through the sample by utilizing ultrasonic radiation. The sample was then centrifuged and extracting phase retracted into the microsyringe, diluted with acetonitrile, and injected to HPLC. At first, vigorous parameters controlling the performance of the microextraction process were considered and optimized. The limit of detections (LOD, S/N = 3) were in the range of 0.22-0.33 µg L-1 while the RSD% values were below than 6.1% (n = 5). A good linearity (0.996 ≥ r2 ≥ 0.992) and a broad linear over the concentration range from 1.0 to 500 µg L-1 were achieved. At last, the method was applied for the preconcentration and sensitive determination of the PEs in several environmental water samples. The accuracy of the method in the real samples was examined by the relative recovery experiments with results ranging from 90-107%, which approved that intricate matrixes had approximately slight effect on the developed procedure.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Heudorf U., Mersch-Sundermann V., Angerer J., 2007. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 210(5), 623-634.
2. Wang J., Chen G., Christie P., Zhang M., Luo Y., Teng Y., 2015. Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses. Science of the Total Environment. 523, 129-137.
3. Lovekamp-Swan T., Davis B. J., 2003. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environmental health perspectives. 111(2), 139.
4. Holadová K., Prokůpková G., Hajšlová J., Poustka J., 2007. Headspace solid-phase microextraction of phthalic acid esters from vegetable oil employing solvent based matrix modification. Analytica Chimica Acta. 582(1), 24-33.
5. Gao D.W., Wen Z.D., 2016. Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. Science of the Total Enviroemnt. 541, 986-1001.
6. Rakkestad K.E., Dye C.J., Yttri K.E., Holme J.A., Hongslo J.K., Schwarze P.E., Becher R., 2007. Phthalate levels in Norwegian indoor air related to particle size fraction. Journal of environmental monitoring. 9(12), 1419-1425.
7. Petrović M., Eljarrat E., de Alda M.J.L., Barceló D., 2001. Analysis and environmental levels of endocrine-disrupting compounds in freshwater sediments. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 20(11), 637-648.
8. Hu X.Y., Wen B., Shan X.Q., 2003. Survey of phthalate pollution in arable soils in China. Journal of environmental monitoring. 5(4), 649-653.
9. Li J., Cai Y., Shi Y., Mou S., Jiang G., 2008. Analysis of phthalates via HPLC-UV in environmental water samples after concentration by solid-phase extraction using ionic liquid mixed hemimicelles. Talanta. 74(4), 498-504.
10. Zhao R. S., Wang X., Yuan J. P., Lin J.M., 2008. Investigation of feasibility of bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment and determination of four phthalate esters in environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 1183 (1), 15-20.
11. Kamarei F., Ebrahimzadeh H., Yamini Y., 2011. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of phthalate esters in cosmetic and environmental water samples. Microchemical Journal. 99(1), 26-33.
12. Prokůpková G., Holadová K., Poustka J., Hajšlová J., 2002. Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of phthalic acid esters in water. Analytica Chimica Acta. 457(2), 211-223.
13. Shen H.Y., Jiang H.L., Mao H.L., Pan G., Zhou L., Cao Y.F., 2007. Simultaneous determination of seven phthalates and four parabens in cosmetic products using HPLCââ‚‌DAD and GCââ‚‌MS methods. Journal of separation science. 30(1), 48-54.
14. Liu H.C., Den W., Chan S. F., Kin K.T., 2008. Analysis of trace contamination of phthalate esters in ultrapure water using a modified solid-phase extraction procedure and automated thermal desorptionââ‚‌“gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1188(2), 286-294.
15. Law R., Fileman T., Matthiessen P., 1991. Phthalate esters and other industrial organic chemicals in the North and Irish Seas. Water Science and Technology. 24(10), 127-134.
16. Cai Y., Cai Y.E., Shi Y., Liu J., Mou S., Lu Y., 2007. A liquidââ‚‌“liquid extraction technique for phthalate esters with water-soluble organic solvents by adding inorganic salts. Microchimica Acta. 157(1), 73-79.
17. Jara S., Lysebo C., Greibrokk T., Lundanes E., 2000. Determination of phthalates in water samples using polystyrene solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quantification. Analytica Chimica Acta. 407(1), 165-171.
18. Kato K., Shoda S., Takahashi M., Doi N., Yoshimura Y., Nakazawa H., 2003. Determination of three phthalate metabolites in human urine using on-line solid-phase extractionââ‚‌“liquid chromatographyââ‚‌“tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B.788(2), 407-411.
19. Demeestere K., Dewulf J., De Witte B., Van Langenhove H., 2007. Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices. Journal of Chromatography A. 1153(1), 130-144.
20. Lee J., Lee H.K., Rasmussen K.E., Pedersen-Bjergaard S., 2008. Environmental and bioanalytical applications of hollow fiber membrane liquid-phase microextraction: a review. Analytica Chimica Acta. 624(2), 253-268.
21. Han D., Tang B., Ri Lee Y., Ho Row K., 2012. Application of ionic liquid in liquid phase microextraction technology. Journal of separation science. 35(21), 2949-2961.
22. Stanisz E., Werner J., Zgoła-Grześkowiak A., 2014. Liquid-phase microextraction techniques based on ionic liquids for preconcentration and determination of metals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 61, 54-66.
23. Ge D., Lee H.K., 2013. Ionic liquid based dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid microextraction coupled with micro-solid phase extraction of antidepressant drugs from environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 1317, 217-222.
24. Wang S.R., Wang S., 2014. Ionic liquid-based hollow fiber-supported liquid-phase microextraction enhanced electrically for the determination of neutral red. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 22(4), 418-424.
25. Yu H., Ho T.D., Anderson J.L., 2013. Ionic liquid and polymeric ionic liquid coatings in solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 45, 219-232.
26. Marcinkowski Ł., Pena-Pereira F., Kloskowski A., Namieśnik J., 2015. Opportunities and shortcomings of ionic liquids in single-drop microextraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 72, 153-168.
27. Zeeb M., Mirza B., Zare-Dorabei R., Farahani H., 2014. Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry as a practical method for preconcentration and trace determination of vanadium in water and food samples. Food Analytical Methods. 7(9), 1783-1790.
28. Zeeb M., Farahani H., Papan M.K., 2016. Determination of atenolol in human plasma using ionicââ‚‌liquidââ‚‌based ultrasoundââ‚‌assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by highââ‚‌performance liquid chromatography. Journal of separation science. 39(11), 2138-2145.
29. Tan Z.Q., Liu J.F., Pang L., 2012. Advances in analytical chemistry using the unique properties of ionic liquids. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 39, 218-227.
30. Farahani H., Shokouhi M., Rahimi-Nasrabadi M., Zare-Dorabei R., 2016. Green chemistry approach to analysis of formic acid and acetic acid in aquatic environment by headspace water-based liquid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 98(7), 714-726.
31. Sarafraz-Yazdi A., Amiri A., 2010. Liquid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 29(1), 1-14.
32. Mahugo-Santana C., Sosa-Ferrera Z., Torres-Padrón M.E., Santana-Rodríguez J.J., 2011. Application of new approaches to liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of emerging pollutants. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 30(5), 731-748.