Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Himalayan Rangeland of Eastern Nepal: A Comparison between Grazed and Non-grazed Rangelands
محورهای موضوعی : Carbon Capture and Storage
Dil Limbu
1
,
Madan Koirala
2
,
ZhanHuan Shang
3
1 - Biology, Central Campus of Technology, Dharan, Tribhuvan University
2 - Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
3 - School of Life Science, Lanzhou University
کلید واژه: nitrogen, Rangeland, Carbon, legume, Grazed, Himalayan,
چکیده مقاله :
Soil microbial biomass plays an important role in nutrient transformation in terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial biomass is also an early indicator of changes in total soil organic carbon. Thus, the main objective of this study was to identify and quantify the present status of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen with various management practices in Himalayan rangeland. To meet the aforementioned objectives, a field study was conducted in Tinjure Milke Jaljale (TMJ) eastern Himalaya Nepal in 2011-2013. Soil samples were collected from the depths of 0-15 cm at three soil cores in each quadrat. Quadrat size was 30*30 cm and core size was 4 cm in diameter and 15 cm deep. Composite soil sample was made while mixing all the samples of a quadrat. Five quadrats were taken from each subplot. Soil core was separated into three sections viz. 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm profiles with 5 cm length of each slice. Soil sample analysis was carried out by the process of chloroform fumigation method. The Result showed that soil microbial biomass C ranged from 219.84 to 987.5 mg/kg. The soil microbial biomass C was increasing with decrease of grazing intensity of the rangeland and differences were significant. Similarly, the soil microbial biomass N with value of 207.72 mg/kg was significantly higher in occasional grazing plot than two other treatments. Both soil microbial biomass C and N values were in decreasing trend with increase of soil depth of the rangeland.
Anderson, J. P. E., Domsch, K. H., 1980. Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils. Soil Science, 130(4): 211-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198010000-00008
Arunachalam, A. and Arunachalam, K. 2000. Influence of gap size and soil properties on microbial biomass in a subtropical humid forest of northeast India. Plant and Soil, 223: 185-193.
Ayoubi, S., Khormali, F. Sahrawat, K. L. 2009. Relationships of barley biomass and grain yields to soil properties within a field in the arid region: Use of factor analysis. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B- Soil and Plant Science 59(2): 107-117.
Ayoubi, S., Karchegani, M., Mosaddeghi, M.R., and Honarjoo, N. 2012. Soil aggregation and organic carbon as affected by topography and land use change in western Iran. Soil & Tillage Research 121: 18-26.
Bardgett, R. D., Jones, A. C., Jones, D. L., Kemmitt, S. J. and Hobbs, P. J., 2001. Soil microbial community patterns related to the history and intensity of grazing in sub montane ecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33: 1653-1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00086-4
Bardgett, R. D. and Wardle, D. A., 2003. Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities. Ecology, 84(9): 2258-2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0274
Blake, G. R., Hartge, K. H., 1986. Bulk Density. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. (pp. 363-375). Madison, WI.: Am. Soc. Agron.USA.
Brookes, P. C., Landman, A., Pruden, G., Jenkinson, D. S., 1985. Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil Nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass Nitrogen in soil. Soil biology and biochemistry, 17(6): 837-842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90144-0
Devi, T. I., Yadava, P. S., Garkoti, S. C., 2014. Cattle grazing influences soil microbial biomass in sub-tropical grassland ecosystems at Nambol, Manipur northeast India. Tropical Ecology, 55(2): 195-206.
Dlamini, P., Chivenge, P., Chaplot, V. 2016. Overgrazing decreases soil organic carbon stocks the most under dry climates and low soil pH: A meta-analysis shows. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 221: 258-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026.
Dominy, C., Haynes, R., 2002. Influence of agricultural land management on organic matter content, microbial activity and aggregate stability in the profiles of two Oxisols. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 36(4): 298-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0542-9.
Engel, R. K., Nichols, J. T., Dodd, J. L., Brummer, J. E., 1998. Root and shoot responses of sand bluestem to defoliation. Jour. Range Manage., 51: 42-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003562
Franzluebbers, A. J., Langdale, G. W., Schomberg, H. H., 1999. Soil carbon, nitrogen, and aggregation in response to type and frequency of tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63(2): 349-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020012x
Grace, C., Hart, M., Brookes, P. C., 2003. Laboratory Manual of the Soil Microbial Biomass Group. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url
Heaney, A. and Proctor, J., 1989. Chemical elements in litter in forests on Volcán Barva, Costa Rica. In: Proctor, J. (Ed.), Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savannah Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
Holt, J. A., 1997. Grazing pressure and soil carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in semi-arid northeastern Australia. Applied Soil Ecology, 5(2): 143-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00145-X
Horwath, W. R., Paul, E. A., 1994. Microbial biomass. In R. W. Weaver, J. S. Angle, P. S. Bottomley (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical Properties (pp. 753-773). Madison, USA: Soil Science Society of America.
IBM, SPSS. 2011. SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 20.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Ingram, J. S. I., Fernandes, E. C. M., 2001. Managing carbon sequestration in soils: Concepts and terminology. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 87: 111-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00145-1
Jenkinson, D. S., Ladd, J. N., 1981. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In E. A. Paul, J. N. Ladd (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, 5: 415-471. Dekker, New York
Kairis, O., Karavitis, C., Salvati, L., Kounalaki, A., Kosmas, K. 2015. Exploring the impact of overgrazing on soil erosion and land degradation in a dry Mediterranean agro-forest landscape (Crete, Greece). Arid Land Research and Management, 29: 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.865
Killham, K. 1990. Nitrification in coniferous forest soils. Plant and soil, 128(1): 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009394
King, A. J., Meyer, A. F., Schmidt, S. K., 2008. High levels of microbialbiomass and activity in unvegetated tropical and temperate alpine soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 40(10): 2605-2610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.06.026
Li, Q., Mayzlish, E., Shamir, I., Pen-Mouratov, S., Sternberg, M., Steinberger, Y., 2005. Impact of grazing on soil biota in Mediterranean grassland. Land Degradation and Development, 16: 581-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.680
Maithani K., Arunachalam, A., Tripathi, R. S., Pandey, H. N. 1998. Influence of leaf litter quality on N mineralization in soils of subtropical humid forest regrowth. Biol. Fert. Soils, 27: 44–50.
Pabst, H., Kuhnel, A., Kuzyakov, Y., 2013. Effect of land-use and elevation on microbial biomass and water extractable carbon in soils of Mt. Kilimanjaro ecosystems. Applied Soil Ecology, 67: 10-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.02.006
Qi, S., Zhang, H., Lin, Q., Li, G., Xi, Z., Zhao, X., 2010. Effects of livestock grazing intensity on soil biota in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia. Plant and Soil, 340: 117-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0463-6
Shahriari, A., Khormali, F., Kehl, M., Ayoubi, Sh. and Welp, G. 2011. Effect of long-term cultivation and crop rotation on organic carbon in loess derived soils of Golestan province, Northern Iran. International Journal of Plant Production 5(2): 147-152.
Singh, J. S., Raghubanshi, A. S., Singh, R. S., Srivastava, S. C. 1989. Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna. Nature, 338: 499-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338499a0
Singh, R. S., Srivastava, S. C., Raghubanshi, A. S., Singh, J. S., P., Singh. S., 1991. Microbial C, N and P in dry tropical savanna: Effects of burning and grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology (UK), 28, 869-878.http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404213
Singh, L. I., Yadava, P. S., 2006. Spatial distribution of microbial biomass in relation to land use in sub tropical systems of northeast India. Tropical Ecology, 47: 63-70.
Spaccini, R., Piccolo, A., Mbagwu, J. S. C., Teshale, A. Z., Igwe, C. A., 2002. Influence of the addition of organic residues on carbohydrate content and structural stability of some highland soils in Ethiopia. Soil use Management, 18: 404-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2002152
Srivastava, S. C., 1992. Microbial C, N and P in dry tropical soils: seasonal changes and influence of soil moisture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 24: 711-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(92)90050-8.
Smith, J. L., Paul, E. A. 1990. The significance of microbial biomass estimation. In J. M. Bollag, G. Stotsky (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, 6: 357-396.
Tajik, S., Ayoubi, S. and Nourbakhsh, F. 2012. Prediction of Soil Enzymes Activity by Digital Terrain Analysis: Comparing Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Linear Regression Models. Environmental Engineering Science 29(8): 798- 806.
Tracy, B. F., Frank, D. A., 1998. Herbivore influence on soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization in a northern grassland ecosystem: Yellowstone National Park. Oecologia, 114(4): 556-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050480
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C. and Jenkinson, D. S. 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil biology and Biochemistry, 19(6): 703-707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6
Visser, S., Parkinson, D., 1992. Soil biological criteria as indicators of soil quality: soil microorganisms. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 7(1-2): 33-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300004434
Wang, C. T., Long, R. J., Wang, Q. L., Jing, Z. C., Shi, J. J., Du, Y. G., Cao, G. M., 2008. Changes in soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon at different degradation successional stages of alpine meadows in the headwater region of three rivers in China. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology: 14(2): 225-230.
Wiesmeier, M., Urbanskia, L., Hobleya, E., Langc, B., von Lützowa, M., Marin-Spiottad, E., vanWesemaele, B., Rabotf, E., Ließ, M., Garcia-Franco, N., Wollschläger, U., et al. 2019. Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils. A review of drivers and indicators at various scales. Geoderma, 333: 149-162.
Wilhelmi, V., Rothe, G. M. 1990. The effect of acid rain, soil temperature and humidity on C-mineralization rates in organic soil layers under spruce. Plant and Soil, 121(2):197-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012312
