Treatments for the Optimization of Salsola turcomanica (Litv) Seed Germination and the Effects of Different Drought and Salinity Levels
محورهای موضوعی : Seed Science and Technology
Armin Arrekhi
1
(Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany)
Hamid Niknahad Gharmakher
2
(Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
Johann Bachinger
3
(Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany)
Ralf Bloch
4
(Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany.)
کلید واژه: Salinity, Greenhouse, Salsola turcomanica, drought, seed germination indices, Sowing,
چکیده مقاله :
Salsola turcomanica (Litv) is a widespread wild plant species in Middle Eastern arid and semi-arid areas and is a relatively palatable halophyte species that has low establishment rate in the field. In winter 2017, in order to optimize the germination indices, its seeds were treated by scarification, stratification, scarification after stratification, gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and hot water. Then, in separate trials, the effects of six levels of drought stress (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10 Bar) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ds/m) were assessed under laboratory conditions as well as the effect of four sowing depths (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm) investigated on seedling emergence under greenhouse conditions. All four experiments were carried out using completely randomized designs with four replications. A significant decrease was observed in the seed germination indices by increasing drought and salinity stress levels (p<0.05). This species had moderate to low germination percent under -2 bar drought stress and 15 ds/m salinity. Based on the obtained result, the scarification was the best treatment of seed germination, so the seeds of S. turcomanica were scarificated and sown (100 kg/ha) in the field at the end of autumn 2018. According to the results, the highest seed emergence was observed at the shallow depth sowing and resulted in 28.7% vegetation cover and 176.44 (g/m2) dry matter production at the end of growing season. So, it was concluded that for dry land farming system, cultivation of this species in winter rangelands can reduce wind erosion during its growth period in summer and provide a considerable quantity of forage. Based on the results of this research, cultivation of this species can be recommended to rangeland improvement or ley-farming projects.
Ajmal Khan, M., Bilquees, G., Weber, D.J., 2000.Germination responses of Salicornia rubra to temperature and salinity. Journal of Arid Environments,45: 207-214.
Ali, H.H., Tanveer, A., Nadeem, M.A., Asghar, H.N., 2011. Methods to break seed dormancy of Rhynchosia capitata, a summer annual weed, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 71(3): 483-487.
Amusa, T.O., 2011. Effects of three pre-treatment techniques on dormancy and germination of seeds of Afzelia africana (Sm. Ex pers). Journal of Horticulture and Forestry Vol. 3(4), pp. 96-103.
Arowosegbe, S., 2016. Studies on methods of breaking seed dormancy and germination enhancement in Senna alata(L.) ROXB. a plant with great medicinal value. International Research Journal of Natural Sciences,4(2): 31-40.
Ashraf, M., Bokhari, H., Cristiti, S.N., 1992.Variation in osmotic adjustment of lentil (Lens culimaris Medic) in response to drought. Acta Bot. Neerlandica,41: 51-62.
Ashrafzadeh, M., Niknahad-Gharmakher, H., Saharkhiz, M. J., Ghorbani-Nahoji, M., Heshmati,GH., 2019. Breaking seed dormancy of Clematis ispahanica and its optimum planting depth and density (Case study: Bavanat, Fars Province). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 26 (3): 629-639. (In Persian).
Azimi, R., Heshmati, G.A., Kianian, M.K., 2018. Effects of Drought Stress and Mycorrhiza on Viability and Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Zizaphora clinopodiodes Lam. Journal of Rangeland Science, 8 (3): 253-263.
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C., 2004.A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, 14: 1-16.
Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C, Li, X., 2000.Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy. Plant Spec. Biol., 15: 139-152.
Cavanagh, A.K., 1980. A review of some aspects of the germination of acacias. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 91: 161-180.
Cirak, C., Kevseroglu, K., Ayan, A.K., 2007. Breaking of seed dormancy in a Turkish endemic Hypericum species: Hypericum aviculariifolium sub sp. depilatum var. depilatum by light and some pre-soaking treatments. Journal of Arid Environments, 68(1): 159-164.
Dinari, A., Meighani, F., Farzami-Sepehr, M., 2013. Effects of salt and drought stress on germination and seedling growth of Avena fatua and Phalaris minor'. Iran. J Plant Physiol., 3(2): 665-671.
Dodd, G.L. and Donovan, L.A., 1999. Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seeding growth of two cold desert shrubs. Am Jour Bot., 86: 1146-1153.
Ebadi-Almas, D., Bagherikia, S., Mahdavi-Mashaki, K., 2013. Effects of salt and water stresses on Germination and Seedling Growth of Artemisia vulgaris L. Int J Agri. Crop Sci., 6 (11): 762-765.
Eskandari, H., Alizadeh-Amraie, A., 2017. Evaluation of Profitability of Seed Priming for Improvement Seed Germination Performance of Two Rangeland Plants (Festuca ovina and Bromus tomentellus) under Drought Conditions. Journal of Rangeland Science, 7( 4): 400 – 405.
Esno, H., Solna, H. and Sweden, M., 1996. Proceeding of the International Seed Testing Association. Wageningen, The Netherlands. P. 92.
Evren,Y. and Kucukoduk, M., 2012. Dormancy Breaking and Germination Requirements for Seeds of Sphaerophysa kotschyana Boiss. Journal of Global Biosciences, 1: 20-27.
Faraji-Allahi, A., 2011. Effect of different treatments on germination of seeds of Atriplex lentiformisand Atriplex canescens, Research and Development, 93: 56-62.
Ghavam, M., 2018. Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Thymus Vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak. Journal of Rangeland Science 8(1): 93-100.
Gintzburger, G., Toderich, K.N., Mardonov, B.K., Mahmudov, M.M., 2003. Rangelands of the arid and semi -arid zones in Uzbekistan. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). ISBN ICARDA 92-91 27-137-8. PP:434.
Hanci, F. and Cebeci, E., 2015. Comparison of salinity and Drought stress effects on some morphological and physiological parameters in Onion (Allium Cepa.L.) during early growth phase. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 21(6): 1204-1210.
Hanif, Z., Ali, H.H., Rasool, G., Tanveer, A. and Chauhan, B.S., 2018. Genus Salsola: Its Benefits, Uses, Environmental Perspectives and Future Aspects- A Review. Journal of Rangeland Science, 8 (3):315 -328.
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).2002. International rules for seed testing. Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 24:1-335.
Iraki, S.N., Bressan, R.A. and Carpita, N.C., 1989. Cell walls of tobacco cells and changes in compositions associated with reduced growth upon updating to water and salin stress. Plant Physiol., 91, 48-53.
Khaje-Hosseini, M., Orooji, K., Avarseji, Z., 2010. Evaluation of some seed dormancy breaking methods on twenty weeds species. The 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress, February. In Persian.
Khan, M., Gul, B, and Weber, D.J., 2002a. Seed germination in the Great Basin halophyte Salsola iberica.Can. J. Bot. 80: 650–655.
Khan, M., Gul, B, and Weber, D.J., 2002. Improving seed germination of Salicornia Rubra (Chenopodiaceae) under saline conditions using germination–regulating chemicals. Western North American Naturalist, 62(1): 101–105.
Keshtkar, A.R., Keshtkar, H.R., Razavi, S.M. and Dalfardi, S., 2008. Methods to break seed dormancy of Astragalus cyclophyllon. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(21): 3874-3877.
Kazuo-Tobe, A.D., Xiaoming-Li, B. and Kenji-Omasa, A.C., 2000. Effects of sodium chloride on seed germination and growth of two Chinese desert shrubs, Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum (Chenopodiaceae). Aust. J. Bot., 2000, 48, 455–460
Mcgee, D.C., 1988. Maize Diseases: A Reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press St. Paul, MN, p. 150.
Michel, B.E.and Kaufmann, M.R., 1973.The Osmotic Potential of Polyethylene Glycol 6000. Plant Physiol., 51, 914-916.
Nadjafi, M., Bannayan, L. and Rastgoo, M., 2006. Seed germination and dormancy breaking techniques for Ferula gammosa and Teucrium polium, Journal of Arid Environments, 64: 542-547.
Naredo, M.E.B., Juliano, A.B., Flora De Guzman, B.R.L. and Jackson, M.T., 1998. Responses to seed dormancy breaking treatment in rice species (Oryza L.). Seed Sci & Technol., 26, 675- 689.
Niknahad- Gharmakher,H., Mohammadi Gonbadi, A., Bairam Komaki, Ch.and Honardoust, F. 2015a. Determination of Suitable Lands for Sowing Alkaligrass Puccinellia distans (Case Study: Agh-Ghala Rangelands, Golestan Province, Iran). Journal of Rangeland Science,. 5(1):341-349.
Niknahad - Gharmakher, H., Jafari-Foutami, I., Sharifi, A., 2015b. Effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity and carbon sequestration (Case study: Gomishan rangelands, Golestan province, Iran). Journal of Rangeland Science, 5(2):122-134.
Niknahad-Gharmakher, H., Sheidai-Karkaj, E.and Jafari, I., 2017. Effects of Exclosure on Soil Properties in Winter Rangelands in Golestan Province, Iran. Journal of Rangeland Science,7(1): 55-66.
Olmez, Z., Yahyaoglu, Z., Temel, F. and Gokturk, A., 2008. Effects of some pretreatments on germination of bladder-senna (Colutea armena Boiss. and Huet.) and smoke-tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) seeds. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29(3): 319-323.
Pallavi, H.M., Vishwanath, K., Harish, B.S., Prashanth,Y. and Manjunath, T., 2014.Seed treatments to break seed dormancy and standardization of viability test procedure in Abrus precatorious. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 8(4): 229-236.
Pasandi, M., Hosseini, M.A. and Kavian, A., 2017. Forage quality of important halophytes in saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan province at two phenological stages. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 24 (3): 537 – 546. (In Persian).
Pourmeidani, A., Jafari, A. and Mirza, M., 2017. Studying Drought Tolerance in Thymus kotschyanus Accessions for Cultivation in Dry Land Farming and Low Efficient Grassland. Journal of Rangeland Science, 7(4): 331-340.
Rincon-Rosales, R., Culebro-Espinosa, N.R., Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A. and Dendooven, L., 2003. Scarification of seeds of Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze and its effect on germination. Seed Sci. & Technol., 31, 301-307
Saberi, M., Niknahad–Gharmakher, H., Heshmati, G.H., Barani, H. and Shahriari, A., 2017. Effects of Different Drought and Salinity Levels on Seed Germination of Citrullus colocynthis. Ecopersia, 5 (3): 1903-1917.
Saberi, M., Niknahad-Gharmakher, H., Heshmati, G.H., Barani, H. and Shahriari, A., 2018. Effect of different treatments on improving seed germination and comparing morphological characteristics of two ecotypes of Citrulluscolocynthis from Sisitan and Baluochestan. Rangeland.11 (3): 353-364 (In Persian).
Saeedi-Goraghani, H.R., Heidary, G.H. and Solaimani, M., 2013. Effects of Salinity and Drought Stresses on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Desert Wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum. Journal of Rangeland Science, 4(1): 14-22.
Soyler, D., Khawar, K.M., 2007. Seed Germination of Caper (Capparis ovata var. Herbacea) Using α Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(1): 35-38.
Takel, A., 2000. Seedling emergence and growth of sorghum genotypes under variable soil moisture deficit. Acta Agron Hung.,48: 95-102.
Yaniv, Z.E., Shabelsky, E. and Schafferman, D., 1999. Colocynth: potential arid land oilseed from an ancient cucurbit. In: Janick J. (ed.), Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia. 257-261.
