بهینه سازی محیط کشت HS به منظور تولید نانوالیاف سلولز میکروبی با استفاده از باکتری استوباکتر زایلینیوم
محورهای موضوعی : زیست فناوری میکروبیفاطمه نوری روزبهانی 1 , فاطمه اشرفی 2 , سهیلا مرادی بیدهندی 3
1 - کارشناس ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشکده علوم زیستی، گروه سلولی و مولکولی
2 - استادیار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشکده علوم زیستی، گروه میکروب شناسی
3 - دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
کلید واژه: سلولز میکروبی, استوباکتر زایلنیوم, بهینه سازی محیط کشت,
چکیده مقاله :
سابقه و هدف: سلولز باکتریایی سنتز شده توسط برخی میکروارگانیسم ها از جمله استوباکتر زایلینیوم به دلیل ویژگی های خاص کاربرد زیادی در صنایع مختلف پیدا کرده است. هدف از این پروهش بهینه سازی شرایط کشت برای تولید سلولز میکروبی در محیط کشت جدید می باشد.مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه به صورت تجربی منابع جدید کربن و نیتروژن به محیط هسترین-شرام مایع حاوی استوباکتر زایلینیوم اضافه و به مدت 7 روز گرماگذاری شدند. منابع کربن شامل: گلوکز، گالاکتوز، فروکتوز، لاکتوز، ساکاروز، مالتوز، اتانول، متانول، اینوزیتول، گلیسرول، زایلوز، مانیتول و منابع نیتروژن شامل آمونیوم سولفات، آمونیوم نیترات، سدیم نیترات (1- 3- 6- 9) و پپتون و عصاره مخمر (5- 10- 15- 20) گرم در هر لیتر محیط کشت HS بودند. از آلژینات سدیم و استات سدیم نیز به منظور بررسی تاثیر ویسکوزیته و تنظیم pH استفاده شد. برای تایید تولید سلولز از میکروسکوپ الکترونی نگاره، پراش اشعه ایکس و تکنیک طیف سنجی FTIR استفاده گردید.یافته ها: چهار منبع کربن گلیسرول (بدون افت محسوس در pH)، گلوکز، فروکتوز و اینوزیتول به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار تولید سلولز را داشتند. منابع نیتروژن آلی و به ویژه پپتون، بر خلاف منابع نیتروژن معدنی تاثیر زیادی بر تولید داشتتند. میزان بهینه استفاده از آلژینات سدیم به عنوان عامل ویسکوز کننده و استات سدیم به عنوان بافر به ترتیب 1.2 و 3 گرم در هر لیتر محیط کشت به دست آمد. نتایج تفرق اشعه ایکس بیشترین اندیس کریستالینیتی را به ترتیب در محیط های گلوکز، فروکتوز، اینوزیتول و گلیسرول نشان داد. مقدار و شدت جذب فروسرخ حاصل از FTIR محصولات به دست آمده از دو محیط گلوکز و گلیسرول و مقایسه آن ها با سایر نمودارهای سلولزی مشابه تولید سلولز را تایید نمود. همچنین بررسی های انجام شده با میکروسکوپ الکترونی نگاره، ساختار نانوفیبریلی سلولزهای میکروبی در محیط کشت های با منابع برتر کربن را به وضوح نشان داد.نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که گلیسرول و پپتون بیشترین تاثیر را در تولید سلولز میکروبی دارند. همچنین مشخص شد که افزودن آلژینات سدیم به عنوان عامل ویسکوز کننده محیط کشت به میزان 1.2 گرم در لیتر و کنترل pH در حین فرایند با افزودن 3 گرم در لیتر استات سدیم به محیط کشت می توانند نقش موثری در تولید سلولز داشته باشند.
Background & Objectives: Bacterial cellulose synthesized by some microorganisms, including Acetobacter xylinum, has been widely used in various industries due to its specific properties. The purpose of this study was to optimize the cultivation condition for the production of microbial cellulose in a new culture medium. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, new sources of carbon and nitrogen were added to the Hestrin-Schramm medium, containing A. xylinum, and incubated for 7 days under static conditions. Carbon sources included glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, ethanol, methanol, inositol, glycerol, xylose, and mannitol and nitrogen sources included ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate (1, 3, 6, 9 g/l HS medium), peptone and yeast extract (5, 10, 15, 20 g/l HS medium). Sodium alginate and sodium acetate were used to investigate the viscosity effect and to adjust the medium pH. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy technique were used in order to confirm the cellulose production. Sodium alginate and sodium acetate were used to investigate the viscosity effect and determine the pH adjustment. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy technique were used in order to confirm the cellulose production. Results: Four carbon sources including glycerol (without a significant drop in pH), glucose, fructose, and inositol produced the highest amount of cellulose, respectively. Organic nitrogen sources, particularly peptone, had a great impact on cellulose production, unlike mineral nitrogen sources. The optimum amount of sodium alginate as the viscosity agent and sodium acetate as the buffer was 1.2 and 3 gram per liter of culture medium, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed the highest crystallinity index in medium containing glucose, fructose, inositol, and glycerol, respectively. The amount and intensity of infrared absorption in FTIR scanning of the products of culture media containing glucose and glycerol and comparing them with other similar cellulose graphs confirmed the cellulose production. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy studies clearly showed a nanofiber structure of microbial cellulose in media with better carbon sources. Conclusion: According to our findings, glycerol and peptone have the most impact on microbial cellulose production. It was also indicated that addition of 2.1 g/ L sodium alginate to the culture medium as the viscosity agent along with pH control during the process by adding 3 g/ L sodium acetate can have a significant effect on cellulose production.
Cellulose. 2014; 21(1): 1-30.
2. Kurosumi A, Sasaki C, Yamashita Y, Nakamura Y. Utilization of various fruit juices as carbon
source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum NBRC 13693. Carbohydr
Polym. 2009; 76(2): 333-335.
3. Jarvis MC. Structure of native cellulose microfibrils, the starting point for nanocellulose
manufacture. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2018; 376(2112). pii: 20170045.
4. Mondragon G, Fernandes S, Retegi A, Peña C, Algar I, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A. A common
strategy to extracting cellulose nanoentities from different plants. Ind Crops Prod. 2014; 55:
140-148.
5. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A. Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable
raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2005; 44(22): 3358-3393.
6. Eichhorn SJ, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, Marcovich NE, Capadona JR, Rowan SJ, Weder C,
Thielemans W, Roman M, Renneckar S, Gindl W. Current international research into cellulose
nanofibres and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci. 2010; 45(1): 1.
7. Esa F, Tasirin SM, Rahman NA. Overview of bacterial cellulose production and application.
Agric Agric Sci Proc. 2014; 2: 113-119.
8. Brown AJ. XLIII. on an acetic ferment which forms cellulose. J Chem Soc Trans. 1886; 49:
432-439.
9. Mohite BV, Patil SV. Physical, structural, mechanical and thermal characterization of bacterial
cellulose by G. hansenii NCIM 2529. Carbohydr polym. 2014; 106: 132-141.
10. Li S, Huang D, Zhang B, Xu X, Wang M, Yang G, Shen Y. Flexible supercapacitors based on
bacterial cellulose paper electrodes. Adv Energy Mater. 2014; 4:1.
11. Meftahi A, Khajavi R, Rashidi A, Sattari M, Yazdanshenas ME, Torabi M. The effects of
cotton gauze coating with microbial cellulose. Cellulose. 2010; 17(1): 199-204. [In Persian]
12. Cai Z, Kim J. Bacterial cellulose/poly (ethylene glycol) composite: characterization and first
evaluation of biocompatibility. Cellulose. 2010; 17(1): 83-91.
13. Lestari P, Elfrida N, Suryani A, Suryadi Y. Study on the production of bacterial cellulose from
Acetobacter xylinum using agro-waste. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2014; 7(1): 75-80.
14. Mohammad SM, Rahman NA, Khalil MS, Abdullah SR. An overview of biocellulose
production using Acetobacter xylinum culture. Adv Biol Res. 2014; 8(6): 307-313.
15. Keshk SM. Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial applications. J Bioprocess Biotech.
2014; 4(2): 1.
16. Kiziltas EE, Kiziltas A, Gardner DJ. Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial
applications extracted wood sugars. Carbohydr Polym. 2015; 124: 131-138.
17. Bellamy WD. Single cell proteins from cellulosic wastes. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1974; 16(7):
869-880.
18. Moosavi-Nasab M, Yousefi A. Biotechnological production of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter
xylinus from agricultural waste. Iran J Biotechnol. 2011; 9(2): 94-101. [In Persian]
19. Pourali P, Yahyaei B, Ajoudanifar H, Taheri R, Alavi H, Hoseini A. Impregnation of the
bacterial cellulose membrane with biologically produced silver nanoparticles. Curr Microbiol.
2014; 69(6): 785-793.
20. Shi Z, Zhang Y, Phillips GO, Yang G. Utilization of bacterial cellulose in food. Food
Hydrocolloids. 2014; 35: 539-545.
21. Gunduz G, Erbas Kiziltas E, Kiziltas A, Gencer A, Aydemir D, Asik N. Production of
bacterial cellulose fibers in the presence of effective microorganism. J Nat Fibers. 2018; 21:
1-9.
22. Emtiazi G, Jalili Tabaii M. Comparison of bacterial cellulose production among different
strains and fermented media. Appl Food Biotechnol. 2016; 3(1): 35-41. [In Persian]
23. Czaja W, Romanovicz D, Malcolm Brown R. Structural investigations of microbial cellulose
produced in stationary and agitated culture. Cellulose. 2004; 11(3-4): 403-411.
24. Krystynowicz A, Czaja W, Wiktorowska-Jezierska A, Gonçalves- iś i icz , Tur i icz
M, Bielecki S. Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose. J Ind Microbial
Biotechnol. 2002; 29(4): 189-195.
25. Lee KY, Buldum G, Mantalaris A, Bismarck A. More than meets the eye in bacterial
cellulose: biosynthesis, bioprocessing, and applications in advanced fiber composites.
Macromol Biosc. 2014; 14(1): 10-32.
26. Son HJ, Kim HG, Kim KK, Kim HS, Kim YG, Lee SJ. Increased production of bacterial
cellulose by Acetobacter sp. V6 in synthetic media under shaking culture conditions.
Bioresour. Technol. 2003; 86(3): 215-219.
27. Moon SH, Park JM, Chun HY, Kim SJ. Comparisons of physical properties of bacterial
celluloses produced in different culture conditions using saccharified food wastes.
Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2006; 11(1): 26.
28. Li Z, Wang L, Hua J, Jia S, Zhang J, Liu H. Production of nano bacterial cellulose from waste
water of candied jujube-processing industry using Acetobacter xylinum. Carbohydr Polym.
2015; 120: 115-119.
29. Keshk S, Sameshima K. The utilization of sugar cane molasses with/without the presence of
lignosulfonate for the production of bacterial cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;
72(2): 291.
30. Gindl W, Keckes J. Tensile properties of cellulose acetate butyrate composites reinforced with
bacterial cellulose. Compos Sci Technol. 2004; 64(15): 2407-2413.
31. Bae S, Shoda M. Bacterial cellulose production by fed‐batch fermentation in molasses
medium. Biotechnol Prog. 2004; 20(5): 1366-1371.
32. Hornung M, Ludwig M, Schmauder HP. Optimizing the production of bacterial cellulose in
surface culture: A novel aerosol bioreactor working on a fed batch principle (Part 3).
Eng Life Sci. 2007; 7(1): 35-41.
_||_
Cellulose. 2014; 21(1): 1-30.
2. Kurosumi A, Sasaki C, Yamashita Y, Nakamura Y. Utilization of various fruit juices as carbon
source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum NBRC 13693. Carbohydr
Polym. 2009; 76(2): 333-335.
3. Jarvis MC. Structure of native cellulose microfibrils, the starting point for nanocellulose
manufacture. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2018; 376(2112). pii: 20170045.
4. Mondragon G, Fernandes S, Retegi A, Peña C, Algar I, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A. A common
strategy to extracting cellulose nanoentities from different plants. Ind Crops Prod. 2014; 55:
140-148.
5. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A. Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable
raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2005; 44(22): 3358-3393.
6. Eichhorn SJ, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, Marcovich NE, Capadona JR, Rowan SJ, Weder C,
Thielemans W, Roman M, Renneckar S, Gindl W. Current international research into cellulose
nanofibres and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci. 2010; 45(1): 1.
7. Esa F, Tasirin SM, Rahman NA. Overview of bacterial cellulose production and application.
Agric Agric Sci Proc. 2014; 2: 113-119.
8. Brown AJ. XLIII. on an acetic ferment which forms cellulose. J Chem Soc Trans. 1886; 49:
432-439.
9. Mohite BV, Patil SV. Physical, structural, mechanical and thermal characterization of bacterial
cellulose by G. hansenii NCIM 2529. Carbohydr polym. 2014; 106: 132-141.
10. Li S, Huang D, Zhang B, Xu X, Wang M, Yang G, Shen Y. Flexible supercapacitors based on
bacterial cellulose paper electrodes. Adv Energy Mater. 2014; 4:1.
11. Meftahi A, Khajavi R, Rashidi A, Sattari M, Yazdanshenas ME, Torabi M. The effects of
cotton gauze coating with microbial cellulose. Cellulose. 2010; 17(1): 199-204. [In Persian]
12. Cai Z, Kim J. Bacterial cellulose/poly (ethylene glycol) composite: characterization and first
evaluation of biocompatibility. Cellulose. 2010; 17(1): 83-91.
13. Lestari P, Elfrida N, Suryani A, Suryadi Y. Study on the production of bacterial cellulose from
Acetobacter xylinum using agro-waste. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2014; 7(1): 75-80.
14. Mohammad SM, Rahman NA, Khalil MS, Abdullah SR. An overview of biocellulose
production using Acetobacter xylinum culture. Adv Biol Res. 2014; 8(6): 307-313.
15. Keshk SM. Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial applications. J Bioprocess Biotech.
2014; 4(2): 1.
16. Kiziltas EE, Kiziltas A, Gardner DJ. Bacterial cellulose production and its industrial
applications extracted wood sugars. Carbohydr Polym. 2015; 124: 131-138.
17. Bellamy WD. Single cell proteins from cellulosic wastes. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1974; 16(7):
869-880.
18. Moosavi-Nasab M, Yousefi A. Biotechnological production of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter
xylinus from agricultural waste. Iran J Biotechnol. 2011; 9(2): 94-101. [In Persian]
19. Pourali P, Yahyaei B, Ajoudanifar H, Taheri R, Alavi H, Hoseini A. Impregnation of the
bacterial cellulose membrane with biologically produced silver nanoparticles. Curr Microbiol.
2014; 69(6): 785-793.
20. Shi Z, Zhang Y, Phillips GO, Yang G. Utilization of bacterial cellulose in food. Food
Hydrocolloids. 2014; 35: 539-545.
21. Gunduz G, Erbas Kiziltas E, Kiziltas A, Gencer A, Aydemir D, Asik N. Production of
bacterial cellulose fibers in the presence of effective microorganism. J Nat Fibers. 2018; 21:
1-9.
22. Emtiazi G, Jalili Tabaii M. Comparison of bacterial cellulose production among different
strains and fermented media. Appl Food Biotechnol. 2016; 3(1): 35-41. [In Persian]
23. Czaja W, Romanovicz D, Malcolm Brown R. Structural investigations of microbial cellulose
produced in stationary and agitated culture. Cellulose. 2004; 11(3-4): 403-411.
24. Krystynowicz A, Czaja W, Wiktorowska-Jezierska A, Gonçalves- iś i icz , Tur i icz
M, Bielecki S. Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose. J Ind Microbial
Biotechnol. 2002; 29(4): 189-195.
25. Lee KY, Buldum G, Mantalaris A, Bismarck A. More than meets the eye in bacterial
cellulose: biosynthesis, bioprocessing, and applications in advanced fiber composites.
Macromol Biosc. 2014; 14(1): 10-32.
26. Son HJ, Kim HG, Kim KK, Kim HS, Kim YG, Lee SJ. Increased production of bacterial
cellulose by Acetobacter sp. V6 in synthetic media under shaking culture conditions.
Bioresour. Technol. 2003; 86(3): 215-219.
27. Moon SH, Park JM, Chun HY, Kim SJ. Comparisons of physical properties of bacterial
celluloses produced in different culture conditions using saccharified food wastes.
Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2006; 11(1): 26.
28. Li Z, Wang L, Hua J, Jia S, Zhang J, Liu H. Production of nano bacterial cellulose from waste
water of candied jujube-processing industry using Acetobacter xylinum. Carbohydr Polym.
2015; 120: 115-119.
29. Keshk S, Sameshima K. The utilization of sugar cane molasses with/without the presence of
lignosulfonate for the production of bacterial cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;
72(2): 291.
30. Gindl W, Keckes J. Tensile properties of cellulose acetate butyrate composites reinforced with
bacterial cellulose. Compos Sci Technol. 2004; 64(15): 2407-2413.
31. Bae S, Shoda M. Bacterial cellulose production by fed‐batch fermentation in molasses
medium. Biotechnol Prog. 2004; 20(5): 1366-1371.
32. Hornung M, Ludwig M, Schmauder HP. Optimizing the production of bacterial cellulose in
surface culture: A novel aerosol bioreactor working on a fed batch principle (Part 3).
Eng Life Sci. 2007; 7(1): 35-41.