خودفریبی: شرح و سنجش

محورهای موضوعی : روان‌ شناسی تحولی

حمید بارانی ¹ ( دانشجوی دکتری روان شناسی تربیتی دانشگاه شیراز )
محبوبه فولادچنگ ² ( دانشیار روان شناسی تربیتی دانشگاه شیراز )
سیده پریسا سلامت ³ ( کارشناس ارشد روان شناسی تربیتی دانشگاه شیراز )

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/12/06 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/12/06 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/04/01

کلید واژه: اعتباریابی, خودفریبی, سردرگمی, سو استفاده و دروغ,

چکیده مقاله :

هـدف ایـن پژوهـش شـرح مفهـوم خودفریبـی و بررسـی ویژگی‌هـای روان‌سـنجی پرسشـنامۀ خودفریبـی سـیرونت، هـررو، مـورال و رودریگـز (۲۰۱۹) در دانشـجویان کارشناسـی دانشـگاه شـیراز بـود. مشـارکت‌کنندگان پژوهـش ۳۱۵ دانشـجو (۱۸۵ دختـر و ۱۳۰ پسـر) بودنـد کـه در سـال تحصیلـی ۹۹-۱۳۹۸ مشـغول بـه تحصیـل بودنـد و پرسشـنامۀ خودفریبـی سـیرونت و دیگـران (۲۰۱۹)، مقیاسهـای منش‌هـای اخلاقـی خرمایٔـی و قایٔمـی (۱۳۹۷) و عـدم درگیـری اخلاقـی بنـدورا، باربارانلـی، کپـررا و پسـتورلی (۱۹۹۶) را تکمیـل کردنـد. داده‌هـا بـا اسـتفاده از آزمون‌هـای آمـاری ضریـب همبسـتگی، ضریـب آلفـای کرونبـاخ و تحلیـل عاملـی تأییـدی بررسـی شـدند. نتایـج تحلیـل عاملـی تأییـدی دو عامـل سـردرگمی و سواسـتفاده و دروغ را تأییـد کـرد. نتایـج همبسـتگی بـا سـایر آزمون‌هـا و ضریـب آلفـای کرونبـاخ نیـز روایـی همگـرا و اعتبـار پرسشـنامه را تأییـد کـرد. نتایـج نشـان داد پرسشـنامۀ خودفریبـی سـیرونت و دیگـران از روایـی و اعتبـار بسـیار خوبـی در دانشـجویان ایرانـی برخـوردار اسـت و کارایـی لازم را بـرای اندازه‌گیـری خودفریبـی در دو عامـل مذکـور دارد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The aim of this study was to describe the concept of self-deception and investigate the psychometric properties of Sirvent, Herrero, Moral, & Rodríguez›s self-deception questionnaire (2019) (SDQ-12) in undergraduate students at Shiraz University. The study participants were 315 students (185 girls and 130 boys) who were studying in the 2019- 2020 academic yea,and completed Sirventet al.›s (2019) Self-deception questionnaire, Khoramie & Ghaemi›s (2018) Moral Character, and Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara & Pastorel- li›s (1996) Moral Disengagement scales. The Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Cronbach›s alpha coefficient, and confir- matory factor analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two factors of mystification and manipulation. The results of correlation with other tests and Cronbach›s alpha coefficient also confirmed the convergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that Sirvent et al.›s self-deception questionnaire has a very good validity and reliability in Iranian students, and it is effective in measuring self-deception in two dimensions mentioned.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abramson, L., Seligman, M., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in human: Critique and reformu- lation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49-74.

Annas, G. J. (1995). Questioning for Grails: Duplici- ty, Betrayal and Self-Deception Postmodern Medical Research. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy, 12(1), 297-324.

Aquino, K., & Reed, I. I. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1423- 1440.

Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-reg- ulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Deci- sion Processes, 50(2), 248- 287.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New Jer- sey: Prentice Hall

Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101- 119.

Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pa- storelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengage- ment in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364- 374.

Barani, H., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2020). Causal Explana- tion of Social- Emotional Loneliness of Undergradu- ate Students of Shiraz University Base on Mindfulness and Moral Disengagement. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 17(38), 1-24. [In Persian].

Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

Cohen, T. R., & Morse, L. (2014). Moral character: What it is and what it does. Research in Organization- al Behavior, 34(1), 43- 61.

Cowen, T. (2005). Self-deception as the root of politi- cal failure. Public Choice, 124(4), 437-451.

Crowne, D., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approved motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: Wiley Publisher.

Dings, R. (2017). Social strategies in self-deception. New Ideas in Psychology, 47, 16-23.

Dadsetan, P., Ali Bakhshi, S. R., & Pakdaman, S. (2008). Defense styles of narcissistic personality types: A canonical correlation. Journal of Develop- mental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 5 (8), 99- 109. [In Persian].

Drengson, A. R. (1987). Self-Deception and Morality. Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review/Revue Ca- nadienne de Philosophie, 26(4), 786-792.

Edwards, A. L. (1958). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. Academic Medicine, 33(8), 12- 44.

Erez, A., Johnson, D. E., & Judge, T. A. (1995). Self-de- ception as a mediator of the relationship between dis- positions and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(5), 597-612.

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (junior and adult). London: Hodder & and Stoughton.

Fink, B., & Trivers, R. (2014). Cognitive simplicity and self-deception are crucial in martyrdom and suicide ter- rorism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(4), 366-367.

Gerschlager, C. (2001). Expanding the economic con- cept of exchange: Deception, self-deception and illu- sions. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.

Gneezy, U., Saccardo, S., Serra-Garcia, M., & van Veldhuizen, R. (2020). Bribing the self. Games and Economic Behavior, 120, 311-324.

Jiménez, M. d. l. V. M., & Ruiz, C. S. (2014). Evalua- tion of self-deception: Validation of the iam-40 inven- tory. International Journal of Psychology and Psycho- logical Therapy, 14(2), 203-216.

Jobson, L., Stanbury, A., & Langdon, P. E. (2013). The self-and other-deception questionnaires-intellectual disabilities (SDQ-ID and ODQ-ID): Component anal- ysis and reliability. Research in Developmental Disa- bilities, 34(10), 3576-3582.

Johnson, C. E. (2014). Why “good” followers go “bad”: The power of moral disengagement. Journal of Leadership Education, 13(14), 36- 50.

Khormaei, F., & Ghaemi, M. (2018). Investigating the psychometric properties of the Moral Character Ques- tionnaire. Department of Educational Psychology, Shiraz University. [In Persian].

Kline, R. B. (2016). Methodology in the social scienc- es. Principles and practice of structural equation mod- eling (4th ed.). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Lauria, F., Preissmann, D., & Clément, F. (2016). Self-deception as affective coping. An empirical per- spective on philosophical issues. Consciousness and Cognition, 41, 119-134.

Lee, S., & Klein, H. J. (2002). Relationships between conscientiousness, self-efficacy, self-deception, and learning over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, .1182 -1175 ,)6(87

Lockard, J. S., & Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Self-deception: An adaptive mechanism. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Lockie, R. (2003). Depth psychology and self-decep- tion. Philosophical Psychology, 16(1), 127-148.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motiva- tion. Psychological Review. 98(2), 224- 253.

Mele, A. R., & William, H. (2001). Self-deception un- masked. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Mitchell, M. L., & Jolley, J. M. (2012). Research de- sign explained. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of so- cially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598-609.

Paulhus, D. L. (1986). Self-deception and impression management in test responses. In A. Angleitner & J.S. Wiggins (Eds.) Personality assessment via ques- tionnaires (pp. 143-165). UK.: Springer, Heidelberg- Springer.

Paulhus, D. L., & Buckels, E. (2012). Classic self-de- ception revisited. In S. Vazire & T. D. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 363–378). New York: Guilford Press.

Pratarelli, M. E. (2008). Myopic man: On the natureand universality of human self deception and its effects on our environment. Colorado: Medici Publishing.

Ranjbari, T., Besharat, M. A., & Poorhosein, R. (2017). The mediating role of defense mechanisms in the re- lationship between attachment pathologies and the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of De- velopmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14 (53), 15- 24. [In Persian].

Roth, D. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1985). Factors in the self-deception questionnaire: associations with depres- sion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, .243-251 ,)1(48

Sackeim, H. A. (1988). Self-deception: A synthesis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Seif, A. A (2019). Educational measurement, assess- ment and evaluation. Tehran: Dowran Publishing. [In Persian].

Saville, P., Holdsworth, R., Nyfield, G., Cramp, L., & Ma- bey, W. (1999). Occupational Personality Question- naire (OPQ32). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A begin- ner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Hov: psy- chology press.

Seiffert-Brockmann, J., & Thummes, K. (2017). Self-deception in public relations. A psychological and sociological approach to the challenge of conflicting ex- pectations. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 133-144.

Sirvent, C., Herrero, J., de la Villa Moral, M., & Rodríguez, F. J. (2019). Evaluation of self-deception: Factorial structure, reliability and validity of the SDQ-12 (self-deception questionnaire). PloS one, 14(1), 1- 10.

Solomon, R. (2009). Self, deception, and self-decep- tion in philosophy. In C. W., Martin (Ed.), The phi- losophy of deception (pp. 15-36). New York: Oxford University Press.

Stöber, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psy- chological Assessment, 17(3), 222- 232.

Triandis, H. C. (2008). Fooling ourselves: Self-Decep- tion in politics, religion, and terrorism. Westport: Prae- ger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

Trivers,R.(2000).Theelementsofascientifictheoryof self‐deception. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 907(1), 114-131.

Von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. (2011). The evolution and psychology of self-deception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(1), 1- 16.

Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psy- chological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), .371 -333

Zerbe, W. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (1987). Socially desir- able responding in organizational behavior: A recon- ception. Academy of Management Review, 12(2), .250-264