چکیده مقاله :
The teledensity in India is estimated at 74.50 per cent (January, 2014) with an increase in subscriber base each day. No other revolution in the mankind has transformed the communication scenario to the extent as done by the mobile technologies. India has the fastest growing telecom network in the world with its high population and development potential base. Education is at a critical juncture in India. It is vital for workforce development and economic prosperity, yet is in need of serious reform so as to provide all the skills needed for a 21st century economy. Widespread use of smart phones by students has provided multiple opportunities to benefit from the mobile technologies at hand in a virtual self-paced environment. Mobile learning represents way to address a number of educational problems. The use of mobile technologies in education is the missing link which if properly harnessed has the potential to revolutionize the educational scenario of the country. Mobile devices, used in conjunction with near universal 2G/3G wireless connectivity, are essential tools to improve learning for students. This paper deals with the use of mobile technologies in the educational sector which can be implemented easily by the policy makers and implementing agencies to transform education on the whole, to engage students in a fruitful manner for bringing desired changes in the educational outcomes in agricultural section.
منابع و مأخذ:
1) Agricoop. (2013). Kisan SMS portal launched by Hon’ble President. Retrieved November 4, 2014 fromhttp://agricoop.nic.in/imagedefault/whatsnew/smsportal.pdf
2) Alterra. (2011). Wireless and mobile learning in the environmental sciences. Wageningen, Netherlands, WageningenUniversiteit. Retrieved October 4, 2014 from: http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/ Research-Institutes/Alterra.htm
3) Attewell, J., Savil-Smith, C., Douch, R. and Parker, G. (2010). Modernizing Education and Training: Mobilizing Technology for Learning. London, Mobile Learning Network (MoLeNET). Retrieved October 20, 2014 from:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002161/216165E.pdf
4) Banks, K. (2012). Mobile Learning: How Smartphones Help Illiterate Farmers in Rural India. Retrieved November 4, 2014 from:http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/06/05/mobile-learning-how-smartphones-help-illiterate-farmers-in-rural-india/
5) Botha, A., Batchelor, J., Traxler, J., De Waard, I., Herselman, M. (2012). Towards a Mobile learning curriculum framework. IST-Africa 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2014 fromhttp://www.ist-africa.org/home/outbox/ISTAfrica_Paper_ref_190_doc_4866.pdf
6) Crompton, H. (2013). The benefits and challenges of mobile learning. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/5667064/Research_windows_The_benefits_and_challenges_of_mobile_learning 7) DeWaard, I., Koutropoulos, A., Gallagher, M., S., Abajian, S.C., Hogue, R. J., Keskin, N., Ö., Rodriguez, O. (2012). Merging MOOC and mLearning for increased learner interactions. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning (IJMBL), 4(4), 34-46. 8) Dhaliwal, R.K and Joshi, V. (2010). Mobile phones: Boon to Rural Social system. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal, 1 (4). 261-265.
9) El-Hussein, M. O. M., & Cronje, J. C. (2010). Defining Mobile Learning in the Higher Education Landscape. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (3), 12–21. 10) Ford, M., &Leinonen , T. (2009). MobilED—mobile tools and services platform for formal and informal learning. In M. Ally (Ed.), Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training (pp. 195–214). Edmonton, AB: Athabasca University Press.
11) Fritschi, J and Wolf, M. A. (2012). Turning on Mobile Learning in North America: Illustrative Initiatives and Policy Implications, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, UNESCO 2012, France. Retrieved October 8, 2014 from:
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/icts/m4ed/mobile-learning-resources/unescomobile learningseries/
12) Hewitt, P. (2011). Autistic children use iPad at Toronto school to reach out and communicate. The Canadian Press. Retrieved October 28, 2014 from http://www.accessibilitynewsinternational.com/autistic-children-use-ipad-at-toronto-school-to-reach-out-and-communicate/
13) Huang, Y., Hwang, W. and Chang, K. (2010). Guest Editorial–Innovations in Designing Mobile Learning Applications. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 1–2. 14) International Telecommunications Union (ITU). (2010). Measuring the information society 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU.
15) Johnson, L., Smith, R., Willis, H., Levine, A., and Haywood, K. (2011). The 2011 Horizon Report. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium. 16) Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). (2010). JISC TechDis advice and guidance on m-learning. Retrieved October 20, 2014 from http://www.techdis.ac.uk/index.php?p=9_5.
17) Kukulska-Hulme and Traxler, J. (2007). Designing for Mobile and Wireless Learning. In H. Beetham, & R. Sharpe (Eds.), Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age Designing and Delivering E-learning (pp. 180–192). USA: Routledge.
18) Kukulska-Hulme, A., &Traxler, J. (2005). Mobile teaching and learning. A. Kukulska-Hulme, A. & J. Traxler (Eds.). Mobile learning: A handbook for educators and trainers, 25-44.
19) Majumdar, M. (2009). Universal elementary education. Pursuit of equity with quality. Retrieved October 20, 2014 fromhttp://www.educationforallinindia.com/Universal-Elementary-Education-Pursuit-of-Equity-with-Quality.pdf
20) Mehdipour, Y. and Zerehkafi, H. (2013). Mobile Learning for Education: Benefits and Challenges. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, 3 (6), 93-101. 21) Nielsen, J. (2009). Mobile usability. Retrieved October 20, 2014 fromhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/mobile-usability.html.
22) Olson, A. (2009). Trends Presentation. Mobile Learning: Analysis. Retrieved October 20, 2014 fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhak-CXvr1w
23) Population projects for India and States 2001-2026. (n.d). Retrieved October 28, 2014 fromhttp://www.educationforallinindia.com/Population_Projection_Report_2006.pdf 24) Power, R. (2013). Mobilizing the MOOC: A Review of Instructional Design for Mobile Learning. Retrieved October 10, 2014 fromhttp://www.moocnewsandreviews.com/mobilizing-the-mooc-review-of-instructional-design-for-mobile-learning-idml13/#ixzz3HRqZekn5
25) Ramos, A., Trinoña, J., & Lambert, D. (2006). Viability of mobile SMS technologies for non-formal distance education. In J. Baggaley (Ed.), Information and communication technology for social development (pp. 69–79). Jakarta: ASEAN Foundation.
26) Rao, T.Y (2011). India’s Youth Education Scenario-Need for Inclusion of Life Skills. Retrieved October 20, 2014 from:http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1761197
27) Sergio, F. (2012). 10 ways that mobile learning will revolutionize education. Retrieved October 20, 2014 from:
http://www.fastcodesign.com/1669896/10-ways-that-mobile-learning-will-revolutionize-education
28) Stead, G. (2010). Moblearn: The mobile generation is learning. Retrieved October 20, 2014 fromhttp://moblearn.blogspot.com/2010/06/can-my-m-learning-course-runsame-on.html
29) Teall, E., Wang, M. & Callaghan, V. (2011). A Synthesis of Current Mobile Learning Guidelines and Frameworks. In Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2011 (pp. 443-451). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
30) Toyama, K. (2011). There are no technology shortcuts to good education. Retrieved October 10, 2014 from http://edutechdebate.org/ict-in-schools/there-are-no-technology-shortcuts-to-good-education/ 31) TRAI (2014). Press Release. Retrieved October 20, 2014 fromhttp://trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/WhatsNew/Documents/PR-TSD-May,%2014.pdf
32) Tsinakos, A. and Ally, M. (2013). Global Mobile Learning: Implementation and Trends. Retrieved October 10, 2014 fromhttp://www.crtvup.com.cn/ad/top_gg/image/globalMobileLearning.pdf
33) UNESCO (2002). A holistic and integrated approach to Values education for human development. Retrieved October 28, 2014 fromhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001279/127914e.pdf
34) UNESCO (2012). Key Issues to Consider Mobile Learning. UNESCO Working Paper Series, 2012.
35) Wishart, J. and Green, D. (n.a). Identifying Emerging Issues in Mobile Learning in Higher and Further Education. Retrieved October 22, 2014 from http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/blog/entry/resources-for-mobile-learning
36) Woodill, G. (2012). Float’s Report Shows Mobile Agriculture Has Arrived in North America. Retrieved November 4, 2014 from http://blog.floatlearning.com/Portals/241955/docs/
37) WPA (2013). World Population Ageing. Retrieved October 10, 2014 fromhttp://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf
38) Yeh, W.T and Yang C.T. (2014). Construct a mobile device ubiquitous E-learning environment in cloud. Retrieved October 6, 2014 fromhttp://sdiwc.net/digital-library/web-admin/upload-pdf/00000995.pdf
