چکیده مقاله :
A simmering crisis in the Nigerian agriculture today involves labour and the crisis manifests itself in the degree of labour availability, labour demand and labour productivity. One of the major products of this crisis is the increased participation of children in paid, non-familiar agricultural jobs. Agriculture ranks as one of the three most dangerous work activities, along with mining and construction. They are frequently employed as farm labourers, bird scarers, food crop harvesters, processors and hawkers. More than 132 million children,work in agriculture. Child labour is increasing in postharvest processing, transport, marketing and a range of agroindustries. Child labour is maybe one of the most striking indicators identifying vulnerable children and as such pointing to shortcomings in several of the millennium goals as poverty eradication, education for all, gender equality, combating HIV/AIDS and creation of a global partnership for development. Most working children do so after a decision in their parental household. To understand the household labour supply decisions, relations to the labour market and to public interventions is critical in designing programmes in order to achieve the MDGs. The research on child labour represent in this respect a largely untapped resource of knowledge for policymakers in the fields of agriculture, education programmes and poverty reduction programmes. It is recommended in this paper that the legislators in Nigeria should enact laws that will reduce agricultural child labour through the redistribution of the nations resources, women should be integrated in the fight to combat child labour and that alternative income sources should be provided for rural poor families whose children are the most vulnerable. [ G.N, Ben-Chendo. Combating Agricultural Child Labour for National Development: Implications for the Millenium Development Goals in Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology, 2011; 1(2):61-66].
منابع و مأخذ:
1. CARE. (2007). Caution- Children at Work. Galvanising ommunities to End Child Labour. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere Inc. (CARE) USA. www.care.org
2. Castle, S and Diarra, A. (2004). The International Migration of Young Malians: Tradition, Necessity or Rite of Passage? London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2004).
3. Donli, H. M. (2004). “Socio-legal consequences of child abuse”. In: Women and Children in Nigeria Law. Ajibola, R. (ed). Federal Ministry of Justice Law. Review series, vol. 6 pp 129 – 157
4. EFA. (2007). Newsletter of the Global Task Force on Child Labour and Education for All (March 2007).
5. Federal Government of Nigeria. (2008). Mid-point Assessment of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria 2000-2007. Office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on MDG’S. The Presidency, Abuja, Federal Capital territory. Report6. Grimsrud, B. (2003). Millennium Development Goals and Child Labour. Understanding Children’s Work. An Inter-Agency Research Cooperation Project. ILO, UNICEFand WorldBank.
7. Handa, S. (2002). Raising Primary School Enrollment in Developing Countries: The Relative Importance of Supply and Demand,” Journal of Development Economics, 66:1, 103-128.
8. ICFTU. (2005). Internationally recognized Core Labour Standards in Nigeria. Report for the WTO General Council review of the Trade Polices in Nigeria. Geneva 11 – 13 May
9. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (2002). Child labour in the cocoa sector of West Africa: a synthesis of findings in Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. Report, August 2002. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
10. International Labour Organisation (ILO). (1999). Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Elimination of the Worst Forms of Chile Labour [Convention No. 182]. International Labour Organization (1999).
11. ILO. (2002). Every Child counts; new global estimates on child labour ILO/IPEC Geneva.
12. ILO. (2002). Eliminating the Worst Form of Child Labour: A Practical Guide to ILO Convention No. 182. International Labour Organization and the Inter-Parliamentarian Union
13. ILO-IPEC. (2002). Combating Trafficking in children for labour exploitation in West and Central Africa. Report on sub-regional workshop, Cotonou, Benin, 18 – 29 July
14. ILO. (2003). Working out of poverty, Report of the Director General to the 91st ILO Conference., Geneva
15. Imam, Y. O. (1998). A situation analysis of Almajiris in North East Zone of Nigeria. A report submitted to UNICEF, Nigeria.
16. Jekayinfa, A.A. (2006) The roles of United Nations Childrens’ Fund (UNICEF) in Revatilizing Girls' Education in Nigeria. African Journal of Historical Sciences in Education 2 (1).
17. Lawal, B. O. and O. Akintayo. (2007). Children participation in vegetable production and associated hazards in Oyo State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty allevation and extension. Journal of Applied Sciences research, 3 (6): 444 – 449. INSinet publication.
18. Okpukpara, B. C. and Odurukwe, N. (2003). Incidence and Determinants of Child Labour in Nigeria: Implication for Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Economic Policy, vol 10 (2) .
19. Oloko, S. B. A. (1999). National study on child labour in Nigeria, Report for International Labour Organisation, Lagos.
20. Onuike, A. C. (1998). Child labour in Nigeria Transport Industry, paper presented at the 8th World Conferences in Transport Research, Antwep, Belgium 12th – 17th July.
21. Osotimehin, K. O; Tijani A. A and Ajayi. O. A. (2007). Child-Workers in Agricultural Commodity Markets: An evaluation of Youths’ Participation in Porterage services in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Research journal of social sciences, 2: 38 – 43, 2007 INSinet Publication
22. Udry, C. (2004). Child Labour. Yale University. New Haven, USA. www.econ.yale.edu/~udry/
23. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNCRC. (1991). Monitoring Committee on the Rights of the Child. United Nations.
24. UNICEF. (2001). Children’s and Women’s right in Nigeria. A Wake-up call. Situation assessment and
25. Analysis, 2001 UNICEF, Lagos.
26. UNICEF. (2004). The State of the World’s Children 2004. The United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF. House, 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
Acronyms: CARE, Cooperative For Assistance And Relief Everywhere; CENFET, Centre For Non-Formal Education And Training; CYPL, Children And Young Persons Law; EFA, Education For All; FAO, Food And Agricultural Organisation; FFE, Food For Education; ICFTU, International Confederation Of Free Trade Unions; ILO, International Labour Organisation; IPEC, International Program On The Elimination Of Child Labour; NGO, Non-Governmental Organisation; SARD, Sustainable Agriculture And Rural Development; UN, United Nations; UNCRC, United Nations Convention On Rights Of The Child; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; WACAP, Programme To Combat Hazardous And Exploitative Child Labour In Cocoa/Commercial Agriculture In West Africa.
