Is Off-Farm Work Impacting Productivity-Enhancing Inputs? Evidence from Arable Crop Farmers

محورهای موضوعی : Extension and Economic

Lawrence Oparinde ¹ (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria)
Olaniran Thompson ² (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria)
Oluyede Aturamu ³ (Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria.)
Adekunle Adetula ⁴ (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria)

تاریخ دریافت : 1402/04/16 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/07/28 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/06/29

کلید واژه: Fertilizer, herbicide, Off-farm work, arable crop, treatment effects model,

چکیده مقاله :

The study examined the impact of off-farm work adoption on productivity-enhancing inputs (fertilizer and herbicide) in Southwest, Nigeria. Treatment effects model which addresses selection bias issue while considering observed and unobserved factors was used in the analysis of the data collected from sampled respondents. Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) Model was also employed for the purpose of carrying out a robustness check. Empirical findings from the study showed that years of formal education and membership of cooperative society increased the likelihood of adopting off-farm work. Also, the study confirmed the positive role of extension services in investing in productivity-enhancing inputs as number of extension visits increased level of fertilizer expenditure in the study area. Furthermore, the study clearly showed that off-farm work adoption had direct and significant impact on both fertilizer and herbicide expenditures with the marginal effects of 6.1300 and 3.1023, respectively. Therefore, policies that promote off-farm work adoption should be put in place by all the concerned authorities in the study area. The findings that emanate from this research exercise give valuable supports to the policy architects in coming up with social and agri-environmental policies.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Abdulai, A. and Huffman, W. (2014). The adoption and impact of soil and water conservation technology: an endogenous switching regression application. Land Econ., 90(1), 26–43. DOI: 10.3368/le.90.1.26.


2. Atamanov, A. and Van den Berg, M. (2012). Participation and returns in rural nonfarm activities: Evidence from the Kyrgyz Republic. Agricultural Economics, 43(4), 459–471. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00596.x.


3. Alasia, A., Weersink, A., Bollman, R.D. and Cranfield, J. (2009). Off-farm labour decision of Canadian farm operators: urbanization effects and rural labour market linkages. J Rural Stud, 25(1),12–24.


4. Anang, B.T. (2019). Effect of off-farm work on agricultural productivity: empirical evidence from northern Ghana. Agricultural Science and Technology, 11(1), 49–58. DOI: 10.15547/ast.2019.01.008.


5. Anang, B.T. and Apedo, C.K. (2023). The influence of off- farm work on farm income among smallholder farm households in northern Ghana, Cogent Economics & Finance, 11:1, 2196861, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2023.2196861.


6. Anríquez, G. and Daidone, S. (2010). Linkages between the farm and nonfarm sectors at the household level in rural Ghana: A consistent stochastic distance function approach. Agric Econ., 41(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00425.x.


7. Babatunde, R.O. and Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of off-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria. Food Policy, 35(4), 303–311. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.01.006.


8. Babatunde, R.O. (2015). On-Farm and Off-Farm Works: Complement or Substitute? Evidence from Nigeria. Maastricht School of Management Working Paper No. 2015/02.


9. Benjamin, C. and Kimhi, A. (2006). Farm work, off-farm work, and the hired labour: estimating a discrete choice model of French farm couples’ labour decisions. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 33, 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbl002.


10. Beyene, D. (2008). Determinants of off-farm participation decision of farm households in Ethiopia. Agrekon: Agricultural Economics Research, Policy and Practice in Southern Africa, 47(1):140-161. DOI:10.1080/03031853.2008.9523794.


11. Chang, H. H. and Mishra, A. K. (2012). Chemical usage in production agriculture: Do crop insurance and off-farm work play a part? Journal of Environmental Management, 105, 76–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.038.


12. Cong, R. and Drukker, D. M. (2000). sg141-Treatment effects model. Stata Technical Bulletin, 55(1), 25–33.


13. Davis, B., Winters, P., Reardon, T. and Stamoulis, K. (2009). Rural nonfarm employment and farming: Household-level linkages. Agricultural Economics, 40, 119-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00374.x.


14. de Brauw, A. (2010). Seasonal migration and agricultural production in Vietnam. Journal of Development Studies, 46(1), 114–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903197986.


15. Ellis, F. and Freeman, H.A. (2004). Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries. Journal of Development Studies, 40, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380410001673175.


16. El-Osta, H. S., Mishra, A. K. and Morehart, M. J. (2008). Off-farm labor participation decisions of married farm couples and the role of government payments. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30(2), 311–332. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30225872.


17. Emmanuel, D., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Owusu, V. and Jordaan, H. (2016). Impact of agricultural extension service on adoption of chemical fertilizer: Implications for rice productivity and development in Ghana. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 79, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.10.002.


18. Feng, S.N., Heerink, N., Ruben, R. and Qu, F. (2010). Land rental market, off-farm employment and agricultural production in Southeast China: A plot-level case study. China Economic Review, 21(4), 598–606. DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2010.06.002.


19. Gedikoglu, H., McCann, L. M.J. and Artz, G.M. (2011). Off-farm employment effects on adoption of nutrient management practices. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 40(2), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1068280500008078.


20. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. and Reardon, T. (2010). The Rural Non-farm Economy: Prospects for Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Development, 38(10), 1429–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.008.


21. Hoang, T.X., Pham, C.S. and Ulubaşoğlu, M.A. (2014). Non-farm activity, household expenditure, and poverty reduction in rural Vietnam: 2002–2008. World Development, 64, 554–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.027.


22. Hou, Y., Ji, X., Chen, J. and Zhang, H. (2023). The Impact of Off-Farm Employment on Farmland Production Efficiency: An Empirical Study Based in Jiangsu Province, China. Processes, 11(219),1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010219


23. Huffman, W. E. (1991). Agricultural household models: Survey and critique. In M. C. Hallberg, J. L. Findeis, and D. A. Lass (Eds.), Multiple job-holding among farm families, Ames, IA. Iowa State University Press. (pp79–111)


24. Jaraite, J. and Kazukauskas, A. (2012). The effect of mandatory agro-environmental policy on farm fertilizer and pesticide expenditure. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(3), 656–676. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-9552.2012.00346.x.


25. Key, N. (2020). Off-farm Income, Credit Constraints, and Farm Investment. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 52, 642–663. doi:10.1017/aae.2020.25.


26. Kousar, R. and Abdulai, A. (2015). Off-farm work, land tenancy contracts and investment in soil conservation measures in rural Pakistan. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 59(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12125.


27. Ma, W., Abdulai, A. and Ma, C. (2017). The effects of off-farm work on fertilizer and pesticide expenditures in China. Review of Development Economics Review, 22(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12354.


28. Mathenge, M.K., Smale, M. and Tschirley, D. (2015). Off-farm employment and input intensification among smallholder maize farmers in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(2), 519–536. DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12093.


29. Mishra, A. K., Mottaleb, K. A. and Mohanty, S. (2015). Impact of off-farm income on food expenditures in rural Bangladesh: An unconditional quantile regression approach. Agricultural Economics, 46(2), 139–148. DOI: 10.1111/agec.12146.


30. Mitiku, A., Fufa, B. and Tadese, B. (2012). Analysis of Factors Determining Households Food Security in Pastoral Area Oromia Region, Moyale District, In Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems (IJASRT in EESs), 2(3),105-110.


31. Ogah, O.M., Ogebe, F.O. and Shehu, M.A. (2020). Analysis of Income Determinants among Farm Households in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems (IJASRT in EESs), 10(1), 29-34.


32. Ogbanje, E.C., Chidebelu, S.A.N.D. and Nweze, N.J. (2015). An evaluation of off-farm work and household income among small-scale farmers in North Central Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, 7(2), 227–244.


33. Oparinde, L. O. (2019). Fish Output and Food Security under Risk Management Strategies among Women Aquaculture Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 11(1), 93-105. DOI 10.7160/aol.2019.110110.


34. Oparinde, L. O. and Olutumise, A. I. (2022). Impact of credit constraints on aquaculture production and risk exposure in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2020.1815629.


35. Oseni, G. and Winters, P. (2009). Rural nonfarm activities and agricultural crop production in Nigeria”, Agricultural Economics, 40, 198-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00369.x.


36. Owusu, V., Abdulai, A. and Abdul-Rahman, S. (2011). Non-farm work and food security among farm households in Northern Ghana. Food Policy, 36(2), 108–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.09.002.


37. Pfeiffer, L., López-Feldman, A. and Taylor, J.E. (2009). Is Off-farm Income Reforming the Farm? Evidence from Mexico. Agricultural Economics, 40(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00365.x.


38. Phimister, E. and Roberts, D. (2006). The effect of off-farm work on the intensity of agricultural production”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 34(4), 493–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-0012-1.


39. Samuel, O.U., Smiles, I.U. and Justin, N. (2020). Socio-economic Determinants of Farmers’ Participation in Off-Farm Income Employment in Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Sustainability Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 8(X), 212-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art1957.


40. Seng, K. (2015). The effects of nonfarm activities of farm households’ food consumption in rural Cambodia. Development Studies Research 2, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2015.1098554.


41. Shi, X., Heerink, N. and Qu, F. (2011). Does off-farm employment contribute to agriculture-based environmental pollution? New insights from a village-level analysis in Jiangxi Province, China. China Economic Review, 22(4), 524–533. DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2010.08.003.


42. Shittu, A.M. (2011). Off-farm Labour Drift in the Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns, Determinants and Production Efficiency Outcomes in Southwest. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, Nigeria.


43. Shittu, A.M. (2014). Off-farm labour supply and production efficiency of farm household in rural Southwest Nigeria. Agricultural and Food Economics, 2(8), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-014-0008-z.


44. Su, W., Eriksson, T., Zhang, L. and Bai, Y. (2016). Off-farm employment and time allocation in on-farm work in rural China from gender perspective. China Economic Review, 41, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.006.


45. Ullah, R. and Shivakoti, G.P. (2014). Adoption of on-farm and off-farm diversification to manage agricultural risks: Are these decisions correlated? Outlook on Agriculture, 43(4), 265-271. DOI 10.5367/OA.2014.0188.


46. Wang, X., Han, L., Huang, J., Zhang, L. and Rozelle, S. (2016). Gender and off-farm employment: Evidence from rural China. China and World Economy, 24(3), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12156.


47. Willmore, L., Cao, G.Y. and Xin, L. J. (2012). Determinants of off-farm work and temporary migration in China. Population and Environment, 33(2–3), 161–185. DOI: 10.1007/s11111-011-0135-3.


48. Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Control function methods in applied econometrics. The Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 420–445. doi: 10.3368/jhr.50.2.420.


49. Yue, B. and Sonoda, D. (2012). The effect of off-farm work on farm technical efficiency in China. Working paper, Nagoya University. Furi-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.


50. Zhu, N. and Luo, X. (2010). The impact of migration on rural poverty and inequality: A case study in China. Agricultural Economics, 41(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00434.x.