Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer

محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتی

Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi ¹ (Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran)
Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami ² (Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran)
Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor ³ (Institute of Technical Vocational Higher Education of Jahade Keshavarzi of Zahedan, Sistan and Balochestan, Iran)
Zeinolabedin Jouyban ⁴ (Member of Young Researchers Club, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bruojerd, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1394/05/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1394/05/17 تاریخ انتشار : 1393/06/10

کلید واژه: Irrigation, nitrogen, yield, Calendula Officinalis L, WUE,

چکیده مقاله :

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1) set as sub plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m-2, biomass yield and plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control, irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and 72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3 for dry flower and biomass, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield, flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand

چکیده انگلیسی:

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1) set as sub plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m-2, biomass yield and plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control, irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and 72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3 for dry flower and biomass, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield, flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Aboomardani, Y., Faraghi, A., Asadi, M., Atrakchali, A. and Mhafi, R. 2010. Study of different nitrogen and plant density levels on yield and harvest index of canola. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Oilseeds and Edible Seeds, Tehran, Iran, Dec. 22-23. [In Persian]

2. Al-Badawy, A.A., Abdalla, N.M. and El-Sayed, A.A. 1995. Response of Calendula officinalis L. plants to different nitrogenous fertilizers. Horticultural Science. 30:195-914.

3. Alizade Sahzabi, A., Sharifi Ashorabadi, A., Shiranirad, A.H. and Abaszadeh, B. 2007. Effect of rates and application methods of nitrogen fertilizer on some quantitative and qualitative traits of Satureja hortensis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(3): 416-431. [In Persian]

4. Ameri, A.A. and Nasiriemahalati, M. 2008. Effects of different nitrogen and plant density levels on flower and essential oil yield and light use efficiency in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Pajoohesh and Sazandegi. 81:133-144. [In Persian]

5. Ansarinia, E. 2010. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and quantitative and qualitative yield. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran. [In Persian]

6. Arazmjo, A.M., Heydari H. and Ahmadian, A. 2009. Effect drought stress on quantitative traits and essential oil yield of chamomile. Proceeding of Congress of Water Crisis in Agriculture and Natural Resources, November, Islamic Azad University, Share-rey Branch, Share-rey, Iran. [In Persian].

7. Arganosa, G.C., Sosulski, F.W. and Slikard, A.E. 1998. Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting management on quality of oil in Calendula officinalis. Indian Perfumer. 33(3):182-195.

8. Black, C.R. and Squire, G.R. 1979. Effects of atmospheric saturation defficit on the stomatal conductance of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Journal of Experimental Botany. 30:935-945. [DOI via Crossref]

9. Hamzeie, R., Majnonhoseyni, N., Sharifi Ashorabadi, A. and Tavakolafshari, R. 2004. Study of plant density and nitrogen levels on quantitative and qualitative yield of german chamomile. Proceeding of 8th Iranian Crop Science Congress. [In Persian]

10. Hassani, A. and Omidbeigi, R. 2002. Effect of drought stress on some morphological, physiological traits and metabolites of basil. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3(12):47-59. [In Persian]

11. Hassani Malayer, S., Omidbaigi R. and Sefidkon, F. 2004. Effect of N-fertilizer and plant density on growth, development, herb yield and active substance of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) medicinal plant. 2nd International Congress on Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]

12. Javadzadeh, S.M. 1997. Effect of sowing methods, nitrogen rates and plant densities on qualitative and quantitative of Borago officinalis L. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch, Jiroft, Iran. [In Persian]

13. Kalvatchev, Z., Walder, R. and Garzaro, D. 1997. Anti-HIV activity of extracts from calendula. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 51(4):176-180. [DOI via Crossref]

14. Khajoeinejad, G., Kazemi, H., Javanshir, H. and Arvin, M.J. 2005. Effect irrigation regimes and plant density on yield, WUE and seed quality of three varieties of soybean in Kerman, Iran conditions. J. of Sci. and Technol. of Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 9(4):137-151. [In Persian]

15. Letchmo, W. 1993. Nitrogen application affects on yield and content of active substances in chamomile genotypes. In: Janick, J., Simon, E., (Eds.), New Crops. Willey. New York. pp 636-639.

16. Mengel, K. 1988. Nutrition and metabolism of plants. Translated by Hakparast, M.R., Publication of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.

17. Mirshekari, B., Darbandi, S. and Ejlali, L. 2007. Effect of irrigation intervals, rate and split of nitrogen fertilizer on essential oil of chamomile. 2(9):142-156. [In Persian]

18. Mishra, A. and Srivastava, N.K. 2000. Influence of water stress on Japanese mint. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 7:51-58. [DOI via Crossref]

19. Mohamadkhani, N. and Heydari, R. 2007. Effects of water stress on respiration, photosynthetic pigments and water content in two maize cultivar. Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10 (22): 4022-4028. [DOI via Crossref]

20. Moosavi, F., Karimi, M. and Kodamebash, M. 1998. Effect of irrigation regimes on water use efficiency of soybean. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2(2):13-23. [In Persian]

21. Najafi, F. and Rezvanimoghadam, P. 2002. Effect of different irrigation regimes and planting densities on yield and agronomical traits of Plantago ovata. Agricultural Science and Technology Journal, 16(2):59-65. [In Persian]

22. Najafpoorenavaei, M. 2002. Effect chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed yield of borago. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 13:41-50. [In Persian]

23. Nissanka, S.P., Dixon, M.A. and Tollennar, M. 1997. Canopy gas exchange response to moisture stress in old and new maize hybrid. Crop Sciences . 37:172-181. [DOI via Crossref]

24. Omidbeigi, R. 2005. Medicinal herbs production and processing approaches. Vol. 2, Tarrahan-e Nashr Pub. House, Tehran, Iran, pp. 424. [In Persian]

25. Pirzad, A. 2007. Effects of irrigation and plant density on some physiological traits and essence of Matricaria chamomile L. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [In Persian]

26. Pop, G., Pirsan, P., Mateoc-sirb, N. and Mateo, T. 2007. Influence of technological elements on yield quantity and quality in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivated in cultural conditions of Timisoara. 1th International Scientific Conference on Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice plant: Nitra, 20-23.

27. Raesi, M., Galavi, M., Afsharmanesh, G. and ramrod, M. 2010. Study of manure and drought stress levels on yield of roselle. Proceeding of 11th Iranian Crop Science Congress. Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University, 24-26 July. [In Persian]

28. Rahmani, N., Valadabadi, S.A., Daneshian, J. and Bigdeli, M. 2008. The effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen on oil yield of Calendula officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 24(1):101-108. [In Persian]

29. Rahemi, M. 2004. Pollination and fruit formation. Publication of Shiraz University. [In Persian]

30. Rahmati, M., Azizi, M., Hasanzadeh Khayyat, M. and Neamati, H. 2009. The effects of different level of nitrogen and plant density on the agro-morphological characters, yield and essential oils content of improved chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivar "Bodegold". Journal of Horticultural Science. 23:27-35. [In Persian]

31. Ram, M., Ram, D. and Singh, M.M. 1995. Irrigation and nitrogen requirement of bergamot mint on a sandy loam soil under sub-tropical conditions. J. of Hort. Sci. 27:45-54.

32. Sadegipoor Marvi, M. 2010. Study of nitrogen use efficiency in Spinach. Journal of Horticultural Science. 24 (2): 244-253. [In Persian]

33. Safarnejad, A. 2003. Study of different methods of better selection for drought-tolerance. Journal. of Arid and Drought. 13:7-14.

34. Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L. and Munjal, R. 2004. Effects of water deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum. 48(3):445-448.

35. Vafabaksh, J., Nasiriemahalati, M., Koochaki, A. and Azizi, M. 2009. Effect of drought on water use efficiency and yield of canola varieties. Iranian Journal. of Field Crops Research. 1(7): 295-302. [In Persian]

36. Zargari, A. 1982. Medicinal herbs. Vol. 3, University of Tehran Press, Tehran. [In Persian]

37. Zeinali, H., Bagheriekholenjani, M., Golparvar, M.R., Jafarpoor, M. and Shiranirad, A.H. 2008. Effect sowing date and nitrogen rates on flower yield and it components in chamomile. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 3(10):220-230. [In Persian]