تحلیل تأثیر پدیده‌های جغرافیایی در توزیع فضایی سکونتگاه‌های عصر مفرغ (3000 -1500 ق.م) استان اردبیل
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ایرضا رضالو 1 , پرویز پورکریمی 2 , یحیی آیرملو 3 , فریبرز طهماسبی 4
1 - دانشیار گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری باستان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری باستان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
4 - دانشجوی دکتری باستان شناسی-گرایش پیش از تاریخ، گروه باستان شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
کلید واژه: استان اردبیل, عوامل جغرافیایی, مدل مکان مرکزی, سکونتگاه های عصر مفرغ,
چکیده مقاله :
مقاله حاضر درصدد است، براساس مطالعات باستان شناختی و جغرافیایی- که در استان اردبیل صورت گرفته است، به بررسی تحلیلی نقش شرایط جغرافیایی و ساختارهای طبیعی در شکل گیری، توسعه و افول قلعه های پیش از تاریخی استان اردبیل بپردازد. پژوهش حاضر به شیوه توصیفی– تحلیلی و با رویکردی میان رشته ای، با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای پردازش شده، بررسی های سیستماتیک میدانی و کاوش های باستان شناسی، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که الگوی سکونتگاه های هزاره سوم و دوم پ.م استان اردبیل چگونه بوده و عوامل جغرافیایی و طبیعی در این امر چگونه و تا چه حد تأثیرگذار بوده اند؟نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد، پدیده های جغرافیایی نقش بارزی در پراکنش فضایی، تعیین نوع کارکرد و میزان اهمیت قلعه های عصر مفرغ استان اردبیل داشته است. تحلیل پراکنش فضایی قلعه ها و برهم کنش های سیاسی- اقتصادی آن ها با یکدیگر، این فرضیه را به ذهن متبادر می سازد که الگوی حاکم بر تعاملات سیاسی- اقتصادی قلعه های استان اردبیل، قرابت نزدیکی با الگوی مکان مرکزی کریستالر دارد؛ به گونه ای که نظریه مکان مرکزی در این محدوده جغرافیایی قابل پیگیری است. براساس این الگو، قلعه خسرو، قلعه مرکزی بوده و درپیرامون آن قلعه های کوچکتری مانند زینو، شیندیر شامی، کیچیک یوردی، شیطان داشی و... قلعه های اقماری آن بوده اند. از جمله مشخصه های ظاهری قلعه مرکزی (قلعه خسرو)، وسعت زیاد محوطه و قرار داشتن یک گورستان بزرگ در کنار آن می باشد. از مشخصه های اصلی قلعه های اقماری نیز می توان به وسعت کم، پراکندگی در اطراف قلعه مرکزی با فواصل مشخص،محافظت از حدود و ثغور قلعه مرکزی و راههای ارتباطیاشاره کرد.
Based on archaeological and geographic studies carried out in Ardebil province, this paper aimed at analyzing the role of geographical phenomena in the formation, development and decline of the pre-historic castles of Ardebil province. This descriptive-analytical study with an interdisciplinary approach, using satellite imagery, systematic field surveys and archaeological explorations followed the answer to this question, how was the pattern of third and second millennium settlements pattern in Ardabil province and how and to what extent were the natural and geographical factors influencing this? The study results indicated that the geographic phenomena have important role in the formation and spatial distribution of historic castles of Ardebil province. Analysis of the spatial distribution of castles and the Eco-political interaction together, brought this assumption to mind that the pattern of Eco-political interaction in Ardabil province’s castles is closely related to the crystallographic location pattern. So that, the central location theory can be tracked in this geographic area. According to this model, the Qal'eh Khosro was a central castle and its surrounding, there were smaller castles like Zino, Shyndyr Shami, Kychyk Jordi, Sheitan Dashy and, etc., were its cyclical castles. One of the main features of the central castle (Qal'eh Khosro) is the vast expanse of the site and the presence of a large cemetery next to it. Of the main features of the cyclical castles can be noted as small area, being scattered around the central castle at definite intervals, protecting limits and fortifications of the central castles and communication routes.
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Ammerman, A.J. (1981). Surveys and Archaeological Research. Annual Review of Anthropology,10(1), 63-88.
Ashmore, W. (2004). Social Archaeology of Landscape. in L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel (eds.). A Companion to social Archaeology, 255-271, Oxford: Blackwell.
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Burney, C.A. (1979). Meshkin Shar Survey. Iran, 8 (2), 1-71.
Butzer, K.W. (1980). Context in Archaeology: An Alternative Perspective. Journal of Field Archaeology, 7 (4), 417-422.
Dark, K. A. (2000). Theoretical Archaeology. K. R. Dark. Translate by Kamiar Abdi, Tehran: University press. (In Persian)
Earle, T.K. & Preucel, R.W. (1987). Processual Archaeology and the Radical Critique. Current Anthropology,28(4), 501-538.
Hejabri Nobari, A. (2004). The third preliminary report of Shahar Yeri site. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Ingraham, M.L. & Summers, G. (1979). Stelae and Settlements in the Meshkinhsahr plain Northeastern Azerbaijan. Iran. AMI,25(2), 68 - 102.
Johnson, G.A. (1977). Aspects of Regional Analysis in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology,6, 479-508.
Kouchoukos, N. (2001). Satellite Images and Near Eastern Landscapes. Near Eastern Archaeology,64 (2), 80-91.
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Rezaloo, R. (2009). The third preliminary report of Khanghah Gilavan cemetery. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
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Rezaloo, R. (2015). Study of Iron Age Burials Ceramics at Khanghah Gilvan Cemetery in Northwestern Iran. The International Journal of Humanities, 22 (1), 131-150. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R., & Ayremlou, Y. (2014). The late Bronze age and Iron age I Cultures in Ardabil plain: Qalla Khosrow and peripheral castles. Archaeological research in Iran, 4 (6), 65-84. (In Persian)
Robin, C. (2002). Archaeological ethnographies: Social dynamics of outdoor space. Journal of Social Archaeology,2 (1), 159-172.
Shakuie, H. (2006). New perspectives on urban geography. Tehran: Samt press. (In Persian)
Shiee, E. (2006). Introduction to Urban Regional Planning Basics. Tehran. University of Science & Technology press. (In Persian)
Smith, T.A. (1998). Late Broze- early Iron Age fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak plains Armenia: Typological considerations. In Ancient civilizations from Scythia to Siber,5 (1), 1-25.
Taylor, T.F. (1987). Archaeology and the Norwegian Cultural Landscape. Current Anthropology,28 (2), 230-233.
Tiffany, J.A., & Abbotti, L.R. (1982). Site-Catchment Analysis: Applications to Iowa Archaeology. Journal of Field Archaeology,9(2), 313-322.
Wilkinson, T.J. (2004). The Archaeology of Landscape, in J.L. Bintliff (ed.), A Companion to Archaeology. 334-356, Oxford: Blackwell.
_||_Alizadeh, A. (2007). Theory and practice in archeology. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization press. (In Persian)
Amir Ahmadi, A., Moali Ahari, N., & Ahmadi, T. (2013). Determination of areas of possible desertification of Ardebil Plain using GIS. Geography and Planning, 17 (46), 1-23. (In Persian)
Ammerman, A.J. (1981). Surveys and Archaeological Research. Annual Review of Anthropology,10(1), 63-88.
Ashmore, W. (2004). Social Archaeology of Landscape. in L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel (eds.). A Companion to social Archaeology, 255-271, Oxford: Blackwell.
Blake, E. (2004). Space, Spatiality, and Archaeology. in L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel (eds.). A Companion to social Archaeology. pp. 230-254, Oxford: Blackwell.
Bray, W. & Trump, D. (1984). The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology. (1th Ed). London: Penguin Books.
Brooks, R.L. (1982). Events in the Archaeological Context and Archaeological Explanation. Current Anthropology,23(1), 67-75.
Burney, C.A. (1979). Meshkin Shar Survey. Iran, 8 (2), 1-71.
Butzer, K.W. (1980). Context in Archaeology: An Alternative Perspective. Journal of Field Archaeology, 7 (4), 417-422.
Dark, K. A. (2000). Theoretical Archaeology. K. R. Dark. Translate by Kamiar Abdi, Tehran: University press. (In Persian)
Earle, T.K. & Preucel, R.W. (1987). Processual Archaeology and the Radical Critique. Current Anthropology,28(4), 501-538.
Hejabri Nobari, A. (2004). The third preliminary report of Shahar Yeri site. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Ingraham, M.L. & Summers, G. (1979). Stelae and Settlements in the Meshkinhsahr plain Northeastern Azerbaijan. Iran. AMI,25(2), 68 - 102.
Johnson, G.A. (1977). Aspects of Regional Analysis in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology,6, 479-508.
Kouchoukos, N. (2001). Satellite Images and Near Eastern Landscapes. Near Eastern Archaeology,64 (2), 80-91.
Leckebusch, J., & Green, A. (2000). Geographic Information System, in L. Ellis (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia. 244-258, New York & London: Garland Publishing Inc.
Metheny, K.B. (1996). Landscape Archaeology, in B. M. Fagan (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. 210-227, Oxford: Oxford University Press..
Pourpirar, N. (2004). Twelve Centuries of Silence. Introduction vol 1. Tehran: Karang press. (In Persian)
Pourfaraj, A. (2007). The revision of Iron age in Northwestern Iran: case study Shahar yeri site in Ardabil region and its around fortresses. Ph.D thesis. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University. (In Persian)
Rapp Jr., G.R. (2000). Geoarchaeology, in L. Ellis (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia. 237-244, New York & London: Garland Publishing Inc.
Rapp, G., & Christopher, H. (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth-Seience Approach to Archaeology in Terpretation. (2th Ed). London: Yale University Press.
Renfrew, C. (1978). Archaeology and the Earth Sciences in Geoarchaeology. (1th Ed). London: Wast View Press.
Rezaloo, R. (2007a). The first preliminary report of Khanghah Gilavan cemetery. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2007b). The Emergence of complex society during the late bronze age in Southern region of Aras River: Case study Qalla Khosrow. Ph.D thesis, Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2008a). The second preliminary report of Khanghah Gilavan cemetery. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2008b). A review on the Bronze age of Northwestern Iran based on the new evidence of Ardabil province. Journal of science and technology, 1 & 2, 168-188. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2009). The third preliminary report of Khanghah Gilavan cemetery. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2010). The fourth preliminary report of Khanghah Gilavan cemetery. Tehran: Archaeology Institute. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2012). Parthian Burials at Khaneghah Gilvan Cemetery in Ardabil Province. The International Journal of Humanities. 19 (1), 101-112. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R. (2015). Study of Iron Age Burials Ceramics at Khanghah Gilvan Cemetery in Northwestern Iran. The International Journal of Humanities, 22 (1), 131-150. (In Persian)
Rezaloo, R., & Ayremlou, Y. (2014). The late Bronze age and Iron age I Cultures in Ardabil plain: Qalla Khosrow and peripheral castles. Archaeological research in Iran, 4 (6), 65-84. (In Persian)
Robin, C. (2002). Archaeological ethnographies: Social dynamics of outdoor space. Journal of Social Archaeology,2 (1), 159-172.
Shakuie, H. (2006). New perspectives on urban geography. Tehran: Samt press. (In Persian)
Shiee, E. (2006). Introduction to Urban Regional Planning Basics. Tehran. University of Science & Technology press. (In Persian)
Smith, T.A. (1998). Late Broze- early Iron Age fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak plains Armenia: Typological considerations. In Ancient civilizations from Scythia to Siber,5 (1), 1-25.
Taylor, T.F. (1987). Archaeology and the Norwegian Cultural Landscape. Current Anthropology,28 (2), 230-233.
Tiffany, J.A., & Abbotti, L.R. (1982). Site-Catchment Analysis: Applications to Iowa Archaeology. Journal of Field Archaeology,9(2), 313-322.
Wilkinson, T.J. (2004). The Archaeology of Landscape, in J.L. Bintliff (ed.), A Companion to Archaeology. 334-356, Oxford: Blackwell.
