Quantitative and qualitative improvement of the content of some medicinal compounds of the pencil tree (Euphorbia tirucalli L), using chelate iron fertilizer

محورهای موضوعی : Plant Physiology

Fatemeh Bagheri ¹ , Aryan Sateei ² , Mazyar Ahmadi Golsefidi ³ , Mehdi Ebadi ⁴

1 - Department of Biology, Go.C., Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Go.C., Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Department of Chemistry, Go.C., Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
4 - Department of Chemistry, Go.C., , Gorgan, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/09/01 تاریخ پذیرش : 1403/01/05 تاریخ انتشار : 1404/06/02

کلید واژه: Bioactive, GC-Mass, Nitrogen, Pot culture, secondary metabolite,

چکیده مقاله :

Euphorbia tirucalli or pencil tree contains bioactive substances with therapeutic effects. The present study investigated the effect of N20P20K20 fertilizer with a concentration of 3 g/l individually or in combination with chelate iron fertilizer, 0.2 or 0.4 g /80 cm² of soil, on fresh and dry weight, and on terpenoid content of this plant. A total of 3 treatments in four replications were considered in pots for 11 months. Control plants received no fertilizer during this period. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design. Contrary to usual, the growth of the pencil tree did not show a positive response to any of the fertilizers and even the fresh weight of the roots significantly reduced. Although no significant difference was observed in terms of total terpenoid content between treatments, based on the results of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 11 bioactive terpenoids with medicinal properties (including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties) were found in considerable amounts in the combined treatment, N20P20K20 and chelate iron fertilizer, 0.2 g/80 cm² of soil. It is noteworthy that out of these eleven compounds, only 3 cases were identified in control plants and only 5 cases in plants obtained from individual N20P20K20 treatment. The results of the present study indicate the positive effect of chelate iron fertilizer on the reorientation of secondary metabolism of Euphorbia tirucalli towards the production of valuable medicinal compounds.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Euphorbia tirucalli or pencil tree contains bioactive substances with therapeutic effects. The present study investigated the effect of N20P20K20 fertilizer with a concentration of 3 g/l individually or in combination with chelate iron fertilizer, 0.2 or 0.4 g /80 cm² of soil, on fresh and dry weight, and on terpenoid content of this plant. A total of 3 treatments in four replications were considered in pots for 11 months. Control plants received no fertilizer during this period. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design. Contrary to usual, the growth of the pencil tree did not show a positive response to any of the fertilizers and even the fresh weight of the roots significantly reduced. Although no significant difference was observed in terms of total terpenoid content between treatments, based on the results of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 11 bioactive terpenoids with medicinal properties (including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties) were found in considerable amounts in the combined treatment, N20P20K20 and chelate iron fertilizer, 0.2 g/80 cm² of soil. It is noteworthy that out of these eleven compounds, only 3 cases were identified in control plants and only 5 cases in plants obtained from individual N20P20K20 treatment. The results of the present study indicate the positive effect of chelate iron fertilizer on the reorientation of secondary metabolism of Euphorbia tirucalli towards the production of valuable medicinal compounds.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abbas, G., Khan, M. Q., Khan, M. J., Hussain, F., and Hussain, I. (2009). Effect of iron on the growth and yield contributing parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Science. 19: 135-139.
Abreu, C. M., Price, S. L., Shirk, E. N., Cunha, R. D., Pianowski, L. F., Clements, J. E., Tanuri, A., and Gama, L. (2014). Dual role of novel ingenol derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli in HIV replication: inhibition of de novo infection and activation of viral LTR. Plos One. 9: e97257.
Aleksandrov, M., Maksimova, V., and Koleva Gudeva, L. (2019). Review of the anticancer and cytotoxic activity of some species from genus euphorbia. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 84(1): 1-5.
Almeida Santos, F., Torres Frota, J., Rodrigues Arruda, B., Sousa de Melo, T., de Carvalho Almeida da Silva, A.A., de Castro Brito, G.A., Chaves, M.H., and Rao, V.S. (2012). Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of α, β-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture from Protium heptaphyllum in mice. Lipids in Health and Disease. 11: 98.
Askary, M., Amirjani, M.R., and Saberi, T. (2017). Comparison of the Effects of Nano-Iron Fertilizer with Iron-Chelate on Growth Parameters and Some Biochemical Properties of Catharanthus Roseus. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(7): 974-982.
Barla, A., Birman, H., Kultur, S., and Oksuz, S. (2006). Secondary Metabolites from Euphorbia helioscopia and Their Vasodepressor Activity. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 30: 325-332.
Bergman, M.E., Davis, B., and Phillips, M.A. (2019). Medically useful plant terpenoids: biosynthesis, omlurrence, and mechanism of action. Molecules. 24: 3961.
Blanch, J.S., Peñuelas, J., Sardans, J., and Llusià, J. (2009). Drought, warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile terpene concentrations in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 31: 207-218.
Boorboori, M.R., Eradatmand-Asli, D., and Tehrani, M.M. (2012). Effect of micronutrient application by different methods on yield, morphological traits and grain protein percentage of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in greenhouse conditions. Revista Científica UDO Agrícola. 12(1): 127-134.
Bregitzer, P., and Raboy, V. (2006). Effects of four independent low-phytate mutations on barley agronomic performance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 46: 1318-1322.
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W., and Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists.
Bustamante, M.Á., Michelozzi, M., Barra Caramliolo, A., Grenni, P., Verbokkem, J., Geerdink, P., Safi, C., and Nogues, I. (2020). Effects of soil fertilization on terpenoids and other carbon-based secondary metabolites in Rosmarinus officinalis plants: a comparative study. Plants. 9: 830.
Caliskan, S., Ozkaya, I., Caliskan, M.E., and Arslan, M. (2008). The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil. Field Crops Research. 108(2): 126-132.
Çelik, H., Aşik, B., Gürel, S., and Katkat, A.V. (2010). Potassium as an intensifying factor for iron chlorosis. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 12(3): 359-364.
Chatterjee, C., Gopal, R., and Dube, B.K. (2006). Impact of iron stress on biomass, yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tubersum L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 108(1): 1-6.
da Paz, D.P.A., Nagamine, M.K., Del Grande, M.P., Pereira Leite, J.V., Gonçalves Sobreira, F.M., Bamlhi, E.M., and Zaidan Dagli, M.L. (2020). Inhibitory effects of Euphorbia tirucalli Lineu (Euphorbiaceae) diluted latex on human and canine melanoma cells. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020: 4093206.
de Almeida, P.D.O, de A. Boleti, A.P., Rüdiger, A.L., Lourenço, G.A., da Veiga Junior, V.F., and Lima, E.S. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity of triterpenes isolated from Protium paniculatum oil-resins. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015: 293768.
Duong, T. H., Beniddir, M. A., Genta-Jouve, G., Nguyen, H. H., Nguyen, D. P., Nguyen, T. A. T., Mac, D. H., Boustie, J., Nguyen, K. P. P., Chavasiri, W., and Pogam, P. L. (2019). Further terpenoids from Euphorbia tirucalli. Fitoterapia. 135: 44-51.
Emami, A. (1996). Methods of plant analysis. Iranian Journal of Soil & Water Research Institute. 982: 128-128.
Fernandez-Arche, A., Saenz, M.T., Arroyo, M., de la Puerta, R., and Garcia, M.D. (2010). Topical anti-inflammatory effect of tirucallol, a triterpene isolated from Euphorbia lacteal latex. Phytomedicine, 17: 146–148.
Fritsche, S., Wang, X., and Jung, C. (2017). Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. Antioxidants. 6: 99.
Ghorai, N., Chakraborty, S., Guchhait, S., Saha, S.k., Biswas, S. (2012), Estimation of Total Terpenoids Concentration in Plant Tissues using a Monoterpene, Linalool as Standard Reagent. Protoc Exch 1: 40.

Gershenzon, J., and Dudareva, N. (2007). The function of terpene natural products in the natural world. Nature Chemical Biology. 3: 408.
Hassani Moghadam, E., Dolatsha, M., Shaaban, M., and Yarahmadi, R. (2020). Effect of spraying iron and zinc sulfate fertilizer on essential oil component of medicinal plant, lemon balm (Melisa officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 12(42): 116-130.
Hata, K., Hori, K., Ogasawara, H., and Takahashi, S. (2003). Anti-leukemia activities of Lup-28-al-20(29)-en-3-one, a lupine triterpene. Toxicology Letters. 143: 1-7.
Hosseini Molla, S.M., Rezaei, A., Askari Sarcheshmeh, M.A., and Khademi, O. (2016). Effect of iron foliar application on some physiological characteristics and fruit quality of peach (Prunus persica CV. Alberta). Journal of Plant Process and Function. 4(14): 115-124.
Julius, M., and Damme, P.V. (2011). Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae)-the miracle tree: status of available knowledge. Scientific Research and Essays. 6(23): 4905-14.
Kajikawa, M., Yamato, K.T., Kohzu, Y., Sakata, R., Fukuzawa, H., Uchida, H., and Ohyama, K. (2004). Expressed sequence tags from callus of Euphorbia tirucalli: A resource for genes involved in triterpenoid and sterol biosynthesis. Plant Biotechnology. 21(5): 349-353.
Khalaj, H., Baradarn Firouzabadi, M., and Delfani, M. (2020). Effect of nano iron and magnesium chelate fertilizers on on growth and grain yield of Vigna sinensis L. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 9(35): 161-177.
King, D.J., Gleadow, R.M., and Woodrow, I.E. (2004). Terpene deployment in Eucalyptus polybractea; relationships with leaf structure, environmental stresses, and growth. Functional Plant Biology. 31: 451.
Li, H., Yang, X., and Luo, A.C. (2001). Ameliorating effect of potassium on iron toxicity in hybrid rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 24:1849-1860.
Litvak, M.E., Loreto, F., Harley, P.C., Sharkey, T.D., and Monson, R.K. (1996). The response of isoprene emission rate and photosynthetic rate to photon flux and nitrogen supply in aspen and white oak trees. Plant, Cell & Environment. 19: 549–559.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin fenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 265–275.
Mali, P.Y., and Panchal, S.S. (2017). Euphorbia tirucalli L.: Review on morphology, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 7(7): 603-613.
Mirzapour, M.H., and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. (2008). Iron fertilization effects on growth, yield and oil seed content of sunflower grown on a saline- sodic calcareous soil. Agriculture Research (Water, Soil, and Plant in Agriculture). 8(4): 61-74.
Mirzashahi, K., Nourgholipour, F., and Samavat, S. (2016). Effects of two Fe-fertilizers on yield and yield components of soybean grown in the north of Khuzestan. Journal of Land Management. 4(2): 191-201.
Monsef Afshar, R., Hadi, H., and Pirzad, A. (2012). Effect of nano-iron foliar application on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cowpea, under end-season drought stress. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(8): 1709-1717.
Mwine, J.T., and Damme, P.V. (2011). Why do Euphorbiaceae tick as medicinal plants? A review of Euphorbiaceae family and its medicinal features. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(5): 652-662.
Nateghi, S., Pirzad, A., and Darvishzadeh, R. (2016). Effect of Fe and Zn Micro Nutrients on Yield and Yield Components of Pimpinella anisum L. Journal of Horticultural Science. 29(1): 37-46.
Nenova, V. (2006). Effect of iron supply on growth and photosystem II efficiency of Pea plants. General and Applied Plant Physiology. Special Issue. 81-90.
Nguyen, T.D., Cavagnaro, T.R. and Watts-William, S.J. (2019). The effects of soil phosphorus and zinc availability on plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi: a physiological and molecular assessment. Scientific Reports. 9: 14880.
Nogueira, A.O., Oliveira, Y.I.S., Adjafre, B.L., de Moraes, M.E.A., Aragão, G.F. (2019). Pharmacological effects of the isomeric mixture of alpha and beta amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum: a literature review. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 33(1): 4-12.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. (1987). Methods of soil analysis, part 2 chemical and microbiological properties. SSSA, ASA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Patil, B., and Rajput, A. (2012). GC-MS analysis of biologically active compounds of chloroform extract of leaves of Butea monosprrma. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 5(2): 1228-1230.
Peyvandi, M., Parande, H., and Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of Nano Fe Chelate with Fe Chelate Effect on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Ocimum Basilicum. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal. 1(4): 89-98.
Prasad, P.V.V. (2003). Plant nutrition: Iron chlorosis. In: Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, eds. B. Thomas, D.J. Murphy and B.G. Murray, 649-656. London, UK: Elsevier.
Pooladvand, S., M. Ghorbanli and S. M. Farzami. 2012. Effect of various levels of iron on morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of Glycine max var. Pershing. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 2 (4), 531-538.
Qaisar, M., Gilani, S.N., Farooq, S., Rauf, A., Naz, R., and Perveez, S. (2012). Preliminary comparative phytochemical screening of euphorbia species. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 12(8): 1056-1060.
Qi, W. Y., Gao, X. M., Ma, Z. Y., Xia, C. L., and Xu, H. M. (2020). Antiangiogenic activity of terpenoids from Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Bioorganic Chemistry. 96: 103536.
Roosta, H., and Jafari, H. (2017). Effect of different iron sources on the growth and physiological characteristics of two cultivars of lettuce in a hydroponic culture. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions. 8(1): 21-33.
Sateei, A. (2022). Positive and negative effects of two types of iron fertilizers on growth, chlorophyll content, protein, phosphorus and some metal elements in the ornamental-medicinal plant Euphorbia tirucalli L. under pot culture conditions. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. DOI 10.30495/iper.2022.1938527.1721. https://ecophysiologi.gorgan.iau.ir/article_690241.html?lang=en

Shahbazi, F., and Nematollahi, A. (2019). Influences of phosphorus and foliar iron fertilization rate on the quality parameters of whole wheat grain. Food Science and Nutrition. 7(2): 442-448.
Sundarraj, S., Thangam, R., Sreevani, V., Kaveri, K., Gunasekaran, P., Achiraman, S., and Kannan, S. (2012). γ-Sitosterol from Acacia nilotica L. induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through c-Myc suppression in MCF-7 and A549 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 141: 803-809.
Tripathi DK, Singh, Sh., Singh, S., Mishra, S., Chauhan, D. K., Dubey, N.K. (2015). Micronutrients and their diverse role in agricultural crops: advances and future prospective. Acta Physiol Plant (2015) 37:139. DOI 10.1007/s11738-015
Uchida, H., Ohyama, K., Suzuki, M., Yamashita, H., Muranaka, T., and Ohyama, K. (2010). Triterpenoid levels are reduced during Euphorbia tirucalli L. callus formation. Plant Biotechnology. 27: 105-109.
Woyengo, T.A., Ramprasath, V.R., and Jones, P.J.H. (2009). Anticancer effects of phytosterols. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63: 813-820.
Yadegari, M., and Ghorbani, F. (2012). Effect of Fe and Zn micronutrients on secondary metabolites content and yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crops Improvement Research. 4(3): 265-277.
Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Higashi, Y., and Nakabayashi, R. (2019). The origin and evolution of plant flavonoid metabolism. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 943.
Yusoff, E., Ahmad, A., Mohamad, S., and Muhammad, N. F. (2017). GC-MS analysis of some volatile constituents extracted from stem of Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. Archives of Orofacial Sciences. 12: 36-44.
Zokaee Khosroshahi, M., S. Nezami and A. Hajiamiri. 2023. Rapid correction of iron deficiency in peach trees by direct injection of ferrous sulfate into the trunk. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69, (8) 1405-1418.