Effect of Total and Differential Somatic Cell Counts, Lactation Stage and Lactation Number on Lipolysis and Physicochemical Composition in Camel (Camelus dromedaries) and Cow Milk
محورهای موضوعی : Camelاچ. حامد 1 , آ.ف. ال فکری 2 , آ. گرگوری 3
1 - Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
2 - Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
3 - Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
کلید واژه: somatic cell count, lipolysis, Camel milk, physicalchemical composition,
چکیده مقاله :
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of somatic cell counts (SCC), differential SCC (macrophage (MAC), lymphocyte (LYM) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)), number and stage lactation on milk composition in camel and cow milk. Camel milk appeared to contain significantly (P<0.05) a higher content of minerals. Lipolysis level is similar in camel milk compared to cow milk. Lipolysis level increased as MAC level increased in camel’s milk but not in cow’s milk. Our results suggest that MAC play a role in the degradation of dromedary milk fat. Mineral compositions were significantly affected by the SCC in camel milk. The milk composition was not affected by lactation number in both species. Total solid, Ca and Na content in camel’s milk were gradually decreased through lactation.
مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات شمارش یاختههای پیکری (SCC)، SCC افتراقی (ماکروفاژ (MAC)، لیمفوسیت (LYM) و لوکوسیتهای چندهستهای (PMN))، تعداد و مرحله شیردهی بر ترکیب شیر در شیر شتر و گاو صورت گرفته است. شیر شتر به طور معنیداری (05/0>P) حاوی مواد معدنی بیشتری است. سطح لیپولیز در شیر شتر مشابه شیر گاو است. سطح لیپولیز همگام با افزایش سطح MAC در شیر شتر افزایش یافته ولی در شیر گاو چنین نیست. نتایج حاصل نشان میدهد که MAC در تجزیه چربی شیر شتر نقشآفرینی میکند. ترکیب مواد معدنی به طور معنیداری تحت تأثیر SCC در شیر شتر واقع میشود. ترکیب شیر تحت تأثیر تعداد دوره شیردهی در هر دو گونه قرار نمیگیرد. سطح کل جامدات شیر، کلسیم و سدیم در شیر شتر همگام با پیشرفت دوره شیردهی، کاهش مییابد.
Abeni F., Degano L., Calza F., Giangiacomo R. and Pirlo G. (2005). Milk quality and automatic milking: fat globule size, natural creaming and lipolysis. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 35189-3529.
Ahmed M.M. (1990). The analysis and quality of camel milk. MS Thesis. Universities of Great Britain, UK.
Akers R.M. and Thompson W. (1987). Effect of induced leucocyte migration on mammary cell morphology and milk component biosynthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 70, 1685-1695.
Alhussien M., Manjari P., Sheikh A.A., Mohammed Seman S., Reddi S., Mohanty A.K., Mukherjee J. and Dang A.K. (2016). Immunological attributes of blood and milk neutrophils isolated from crossbred cows during different physiological conditions. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 61, 223-231.
Aljumaah R.S., Almutairi F.F., Ismail E., Alshaikh M.A., Sami A. and Ayadi M. (2012). Effects of production system, breed, parity and stage of lactation on mil composition of dromedary camels in Saudie Arabia. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11, 141-147.
Alshaikh M.A. and Salah M.S. (1994). Effect of milking interval on secretion rate and composition of camel milk in late lactation. J. Dairy Res. 61, 451-456.
Andrews A.T. (1983). Breakdown of caseins by proteinases in bovine milks with high somatic cell counts arising from mastitis or infusion with bacterial endotoxin. J. Dairy Res. 50, 57-66.
AOAC. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 16th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Ayadi M., Hammadi M., Khorchani T., Barmat A., Atigui M. and Caja G. (2009). Effect of milking interval and cisternal udder evaluation in Tunisian Maghrebi Dairy Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). J. Dairy Sci. 92, 1452-1459.
Aysan T., Hizli H., Yazgan E., Kara U. and Gok K. (2011). The effect of somatic cell count on milk urea nitrogen and milk composition. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fac. J. 17, 659-662.
Azzara C.D. and Dimick P.S. (1985). Lipoprotein lipase activity of milk from cows with prolonged subclinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 68, 3171-3175.
Bansal B.K., Hamann J., Grabowski N.T. and Singh K.B. (2005). Variation in the composition of selected milk fraction samples from healthy and mastitic quarters, and its significance for mastitis diagnosis. J. Dairy Res. 72, 144-152.
Barbano D.M., Rudan M.A. and Rasmussen R.R. (1989). Influence of milk composition and somatic cell and psychrotrophic bacteria counts on ultrafiltration flux. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 1118-1123.
Bodyfelt F.W., Tobias J. and Trout G.M. (1988). The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products. AVI Westport, Connecticut, USA.
Boutinaud M.C., Rousseau D.H., Keisler H. and Jammes J. (2003). Grouth hormone and milking frequency act differently on goat mammary gland in late lacatation. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 509-520.
Brandt M., Haeussermann A. and Hartung E. (2010). Invited review: technical solutions for analysis of milk constituents and abnormal milk. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 427-436.
Cartier P. and Chilliard Y. (1990). Spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk : combined effects of nine characteristics in native milk. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 1178-1186.
Chazal P. and Chilliard Y. (1986). Effect of stage of lactation, stage of pregnancy, mi1k yield and herd management on seasonal variation in spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk. J. Dairy Res. 53, 529-538.
Delamaire E. and Guinard- Flament J. (2006). Longer milking intervals alter mammary epithelial permeability and the udder’s ability to extract nutrients. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 2007-2016.
Dobranié V., Njari B., Samardžija M., Mioković B. and Resanović R. (2008). The influence of the season on the chemical composition and the somatic cell count of bulk tank cow’s milk. Vet. Arhiv. 78, 235-242.
Dosogne H., Vangroenweghe F., Mehrzad J., Massart-leen A.M. and Burvenich C. (2003). Differential leucocyte count method for bovine low somatic cell count milk. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 828- 834.
Dukwal V., Modi S. and Singh M. (2007). A comparative study of nutritional composition of camel and cow’s milk. Pp. 91-92 Int. Camel Conf. Bikaner, India.
El-Hatmi H., Hammadi M., Khorchani T., Abdennebi M. and Attia H. (2004). Effects of diet supplementation on production and composition of camels milk during lactation under Tunisian arid range conditions. J. Camel Pract. Res. 11, 147-152.
FAO. (1982). Camels and camel milk. Animal Production and Health Papers. Rome, Italy.
Farag S.I. and Kabary K.M. (1992). Chemical composition and physical properties of camel’s milk and milk fat. Pp. 325-326 in Proc. 5th Egyptian Conf. Dairy Sci. Technol. Cairo, Egypt.
Farah Z. (1993). Composition and characteristics of camel milk. J. Dairy Res. 60, 603-626.
Faye B., Konuspayeva G., Messad S. and Loiseau G. (2008). Discriminant milk components of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and hybrids. Dairy Sci. Technol. 88, 607-617.
Gargouri A., Hamed H. and ElFeki A. (2008). Total and differential bulk cow milk somatic cell counts and their relation with lipolysis. Livest. Sci. 113, 274-279.
Haddadin M.S.Y., Gammoh S.I. and Robinson R.K. (2008). Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of camel milk in Jordan. J. Dairy Res. 75, 8-12.
Hammadi M., Atigui M., Ayadi M., Barmat A., Belgacem G., Khalid G. and Khorchani T. (2010). Training period and short time effects of machine milking on milk composition in Tunisian maghrebi camels. J. Camels Pract. Res. 17, 1-7.
Harmon R.J. (1994). Symposium: mastitis and genetic evaluation for somatic cell count-physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 2103-2112.
IDF. (1981). Milk-Determination of Fat Content. Gerber Butyrometers. IDF Standard, vol. 105. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.
IDF. (1987). Milk, Cream and Evaporated Milk. Determination of Total Solids Content. IDF Standard, vol. 21B. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.
IDF. (1991). Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Milk and Milk Products. Bulletin, vol. 265. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.
IDF. (1995). Enumeration of Somatic Cells, FIL-IDF Standard No. 148A. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.
Kamoun M. (1990). La production de fromage à partir du lait de Dromadaire. Les petits ruminants et leurs productions laitières dans la région Méditerranéenne. Opt. Méditerranéennes. 12, 119-124.
Katherine M.H., Janet E.W., Bahman S., Martha K.H., Rebecca B., Robert T., Michelle K.M. and Mark A.M.C. (2013). Mastitis is associated with increased free fatty acids, somatic cell count, and interleukin-8 concentrations in human milk. Breastfeed. Med. 8, 105-110.
Kehrli Jr M.E. and Shuster D.E. (1994). Factors affecting milk somatic cells and their role in health of the bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 619-627.
Kelly A.L., Tiernan D.,’Sullivan C.O. and Joyce P. (2000). Correlation between bovine milk somatic cell count and polymorphonuclear leukocyte level for samples of bulk milk and milk from individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 300-304.
Khaskheli M., Arain M.A., Chaudhry S., Soomro A.H. and Qureshi T.A. (2005). Physico-chemical quality of camel milk. J. Agric. Soc. Sci. 2, 164-166.
Konuspayeva G., Faye B. and Loiseau G. (2009). The composition of camel milk: a meta-analysis of the literature data. J. Food Comp. Anal. 22, 95-101.
Lee C.S., Wooding F.B. and Kemp P. (1980). Identification, properties and differential counts of cell populations using electron microscopy of dry cows secretions, colostrum and milk from normal cows. J. Dairy Res. 47, 39-50.
Lindmark-Mansson H., Branning C., Alden G. and Paulsson M. (2006). Relationship between somatic cell count, individual leukocyte populations and milk components in bovine udder quarter milk. Int. Dairy J. 16, 717-727.
Ma Y., Ryan C., Barbano D.M., Galton D.M., Rudan M. and Boor K. (2000). Effects of somatic cell count on quality and shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 264-274.
Mal G., Suchitra Sena D. and Sahani M.S. (2007). Changes in chemical and macro-minerals content of dromedary milk during lactation. J. Camel Pract. Res. 14(2), 195-197.
Mehaia M.A., Hablas M.A., Abdel-Rahman K.M. and El-MougyS.A. (1995). Milk composition of Majaheim, Wadah and Hamra camels in Saudi Arabia. Food Chem. 52, 115-122.
Paura L., Kairisha D. and Jonkus D. (2002). Repeatability of milk productivity traits. Vet. Zootec. 19, 90-93.
Pereira A.R., Prada e Silva L.F., Molon L.K., Machado P.F. and Barancelli G. (1999). Efeito do nível de células somáticas sobre os constituintes do leite. I-gordura e proteína. Brazilian J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 36, 1413-9596.
Raziq A., Tareen A.M. and De Verdier K. (2011). Characterization and significance of Raigi camel, a livestock breed of the Pashtoon pastoral people in Afghanistan and Pakistan. J. Livest. Sci. 2, 11-19.
Russell D.G., Lievers K.W. and Lovering J. (1977). Effects of change in rate of harvest and selected management variables in timothy silage yields, quality, and net returns at Charlottetown: I. Direct-cut silage. Canadian Agric. Engin. 19, 29-36.
Santos M.V., Ma Y., Caplan Z. and Barbano D.M. (2003). Sensory threshold of off-flavors caused by proteolysis and lipolysis in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1601-1607.
Sawa A. and Piwczynski D. (2002). Somatic cell count and milk yield and composition in Black and White × Holstein-Friezian cows. Med. Vet. 58, 636-640.
Sawaya W.N., Khalil J.K., Shalhat A.A.L. and Mohammad H.A.L. (1984). Chemical composition and nutritional quality of camel milk. J. Food Sci. 49, 744-749.
Sharma N., Singh N.K. and Bhadwal M.S. (2011). Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: an overview. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 24, 429-438.
Sládek Z., Ryznarova H. and Ryˇsánek D. (2006). Macrophages of the bovine heifer mammary gland: morphological features during initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 35, 116-124.
Somers J.G.C.J., Frankena K., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N. and Metz J.H.M. (2003).Prevalence of claw disorders in Dutchdairy cows exposed to several floor systems. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 2082-2093.
SPSS Inc. (2011). Statistical Package for Social Sciences Study. SPSS for Windows, Version 20. Chicago SPSS Inc.
Stelwagen K., Farr V.C. and McFadden H.A. (1999). Alteration of the sodium to potassium ratio in milk and the effect on milksecretion in goats. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 52-59.
Zecconi A. and Smith K.L. (2000). International dairy federation standard position paper on ruminant mammary gland immunity. Pp. 1-120 in Proc. Symp. Immunol. Rumin. Mammary Gland. Stresa, Italy.
Zeleke M.Z. (2007). Major non-genetic factors affecting milk yield and milk composition of traditionally managed camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Ethiopia. Pp. 89-90 in Proc. Int. Camel Conf. Bikaner, India.
