Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level and Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Nutrient Retention, Blood Profiles, and Carcass Weight of Growing-Meat Quails
محورهای موضوعی : Camelوی. بونتیام 1 , اس. سنگسوپونجیت 2 , آ. کلومپانیا 3
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
2 - Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
3 - Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
کلید واژه: growth performance, crude protein, stocking density, growing-meat quails,
چکیده مقاله :
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of stocking density on growing-meat quail performance (experiment I) and the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and stocking density on growth performance, nutrient retention, blood metabolites, and carcass weight of growing-meat quails under high ambient temperature (experiment II). Three hundred and eighty male growing-meat quails were raised under 4 different stocking densities of 13, 17, 21, and 25 quails per cage (experiment I). Each treatment was performed in 5 replicates using a completely randomized design. In experiment II, 600 male growing-meat quails were assigned to 6 treatments (5 replicates) with 2 stocking densities (17 and 23 quails per cage) and 3 levels of CP (20, 22, and 24%) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. In experiment I, the growing quails raised at 25 birds per cage had lighter body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) than those at 13 and 17 quails per cage (P<0.05). Linear reductions in BW (P=0.008), feed intake (P=0.033), and BWG (P=0.012) as increasing stocking density were detected. In experiment II, CP levels and stocking density had no effect on growth performance, nutrient retention, blood profiles, and relative carcass weight (P>0.05). However, a 20% CP level significantly increased CP digestibility and decreased uric acid concentration compared to 24% CP (P<0.05). Furthermore, increased relative breast weight was detected in the quails raised under a high stocking density (P<0.05). The growing-meat quails have enhanced growth performance at the density of 32.10 to 51.85 birds/m2. With a 20% CP diet, increased growth performance and CP digestibility were observed.
دو آزمایش برای ارزیابی اثر تراکم در واحد سطح روی عملکرد بلدرچین درحال رشد گوشتی (آزمایش 1) و اثر سطوح پروتئین خام جیره (CP) و تراکم در واحد سطح روی عملکرد رشد، ابقاء مواد تغذیه‌ای، متابولیت‌های خونی، و وزن لاشه بلدرچین‌های در حال رشد گوشتی تحت دمای محیطی بالا (آزمایش 2) انجام شد. 308 بلدرچین نر در حال رشد گوشتی تحت 4 تراکم در واحد سطح متفاوت از 13، 17، 21 و 25 بلدرچین به ازای قفس پرورش داده شدند (آزمایش 1). هر تیمار در 5 تکرار با استفاده از طرح کاملاً تصادفی بکارگرفته شدند. در آزمایش 2، 600 بلدرچین درحال رشد نر به 6 تیمار (5 تکرار) با 2 تراکم در واحد سطح (17 و 23 بلدرچین به ازای قفس) و 3 سطح از CP (20، 22 و 24 درصد) در یک طرح فاکتوریل 3 × 2 اختصاص یافتند. در آزمایش 1، بلدرچین‌های در حال رشد پرورش یافته در قفس‌هایی با 25 پرنده وزن بدن (BW) و رشد وزنی بدن (BWG) سبک‌تر در مقایسه با قفس‌های دارای 13 و 17 بلدرچین داشتند (05/0>P). کاهش‌های خطی در BW (008/0P=)، خوراک مصرفی (033/0P=) و BWG (012/0P=) همراه با افزایش تراکم در واحد سطح شناسایی شدند. در آزمایش 2، سطوح CP و تراکم در واحد سطح اثری روی عملکرد رشد، ابقاء مواد تغذیه‌ای، پروفایل‌های خونی، و وزن لاشه نسبی نداشتند (05/0<P). با این حال، سطح پروتئین 20 درصد به طور معنی‌داری قابلیت هضم پروتئین را افزایش و غلظت اسید اوریک را در مقایسه با CP 24 درصد کاهش داد (05/0>P). به علاوه، افزایش نسبی وزن سینه در بلدرچین‌های پرورش یافته تحت یک تراکم در واحد سطح بالا تشخیص داده شد. بلدرچین‌های در حال رشد گوشتی عملکرد رشد در تراکم 10/32 تا 85/51 پرنده/m2بیشتری دارند. با یک جیره 20 درصد CP، عملکرد رشد افزایش داشت و قابلیت هضم CP مشاهده شد.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Attia A.I., Mahrose K.M., Ismail I.E. and Abou-Kasem D.E. (2012). Response of growing Japanese quail raised under two stocking densities to dietary protein and energy levels. Egyptian J. Anim. Prod. 47, 159-167.
Banhazi T.M., Seedorf J., Laffrique M. and Rutley D.L. (2008). Identification of the risk factors for high airborne particle concentrations in broiler buildings using statistical modeling. Biosyst. Eng. 101, 100-110.
Boontiam W., Jung B. and Kim Y.Y. (2016). Effects of lysophospholipids supplementation to lower nutrient diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 98(12), 6693-6701.
Camci Ö. and Erensayin C. (2004). Effect of stocking density during the early growth phase on fattening performance of Japanese quails. (Cortunixcoturnix japonica): Short communication. Arch. Geflügelkd. 68, 94-106.
Cengiz Ö., Köksal B.H., Tatli O., Sevim Ö., Ahsan U., Uner A.G., Ulutaş P.A., Beyaz D., Büyükyörük Yakan A., and Önol A.G. (2015). Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers. Poult. Sci. 94, 2395-2403.
Dowarah R. and Sethi A.P.S. (2014). Various dietary levels of protein and energy interaction on growth performance of white plumage Japanese quails. Vet. World. 7, 398-402.
Eiler H. (2004). Endocrine Gland. Comstock Press, New York.
El-Tarabany M.S. (2016). Impact of cage stocking density on egg laying characteristics and related stress and immunity parameters of Japanese quails in subtropics. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 100, 893-901.
Faitarone A.B.G., Pavan A.C., Mori C., Batista L.S., Oliveira R.P., Garcia E.A, Pizzolante C.C., Mende A.A. and Sherer M.R. (2005). Economic traits and performance of Italian quails reared at different cage stocking densities. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 7, 19-22.
Hernández F., López M., Martínez S., Megías M.D., Catalá P. and Madrid J. (2012). Effect of low-protein diets and single sex on production performance, plasma metabolites, digestibility, and nitrogen excretion in 1-to 48-day-old broilers. Poult. Sci. 91, 683-692.
Jahanian R. and Edriss M.A. (2015). Metabolizable energy and crude protein requirements of two quail species (Coturnix japonica and Coturnixypsilophorus). J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 25, 603-611.
Kriseldi R., Tillman P.B., Jiang Z. and Dozier W.A. (2018). Effects of feeding reduced crude protein diets on growth performance, nitrogen excretion, and plasma uric acid concentration of broiler chicks during the starter period. Poult. Sci. 97, 1614-1626.
Li Y., Cai H.Y., Liu G.H, Dong X.L., Chang W.H., Zhang S., Zheng A.J. and Chen G.L. (2009). Effects of stress simulated by dexamethasone on jejunal glucose transporter in broiler. Poult. Sci. 88, 330-337.
Mormede P., Andanson S., Auperin B., Beerda B., Guemene D., Malmkvist J., Manteca X., Manteuffel G., Prunet P., Reenen C.G., Richard S. and Veussier I. (2007). Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiol. Behav. 92, 317-339.
Namroud N.F., Shivazad M. and Zaghari M. (2008). Effects of fortifying low crude protein diet with crystalline amino acids on performance, blood ammonia level, and excreta characteristics of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 87, 2250-2258.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Omidiwura B.R.O., Odu O., Favour A., Agboola A.F., Akinbola D.D. and Iyayi E.A. (2016). Crude protein and energy requirements of Japanese quail (Cortunixcoturnix japonica) during rearing period. J. World. Poult. Res. 6, 99-104.
Puron D., Santamaria R., Segaura J.C. and Alamilla J.L. (1995). Broiler performance at different stocking densities. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 4, 55-60.
Ritz C.W., Fairchild B.D. and Lacy M.P. (2004). Implications of ammonia production and emissions from commercial poultry facilities: A review. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 13, 684-692.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Siegel H.S. (1980). Physiological stress in birds. Bioscience. 30, 529-533.
Soares T.R.N., Fonseca J.B., Santos A.S. and Mercandante M.B. (2003). Protein requirement of Japanese quail (Cortunixcoturnix japonica) during rearing and laying periods. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 5, 153-166.
Steinfield H., Gerber P., Wassenaar T.D., Castel V., Rosales M. and Haan C.D. (2006). Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Tong H.B., Lu J., Zou J.M., Wang Q. and Shi S.R. (2012). Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass yield, and immune status of a local chicken breed. Poult. Sci. 91, 667-673.
Vargas-Rodríguez L.M., Duran-Meléndez L.A., García-Masías J.A., Arcos-García J.L., Joaquín-Torres B.M. and Ruelas-Inzunza M.G. (2013). Effect of probiotic and population density on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Int. J. Poul. Sci. 12, 390-395.
Whyte E.P., Ahmad Y., Usman M., Haruna E.S. and Adam J. (2000). Performance of quail birds fed different levels of protein. Nigerian J. Biotechnol. 11, 67-71.
