Effects of Rumen Undegradable Protein on Productive Performance and N Balance of Holstein Cows in Early Post-Partum Period
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
1 - Department of Animal Science, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
کلید واژه: Performance, fresh cow, nitrogen balance, rumen undegradable protein,
چکیده مقاله :
Metabolizable protein (MP) supply and amino acid balance were manipulated through selection of highly digestible rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) sources. Effects on production efficiency and N utilization of early post-partum dairy cows were determined. Forty-two multiparous and 16 primiparous Holstein cows were assigned to the diets in a randomized complete block design immediately after parturition with 3-wk experimental periods, and then were fed a ration for 120 days in milk. Diets were formulated to provide 3 concentrations of dietary RUP (LRUP 6.65, MRUP 7.72 and HRUP 8.79% of dry matter (DM)) while rumen-degradable protein remained constant (11.3% of DM). Diets contained 26.30% alfalfa hay, 12.60% corn silage, 9.50% sugar beet pulp and 51.5% concentrate in DM basis. Ingredients within the diets were equal across treatments except for fish meal and corn gluten meal that partially replaced with steam rolled barley and soybean meal. Dry matter intake linearly increased by the treatments. Milk yield, Fat corrected milk (FCM) and protein content and yield increased significantly when cows were fed the diets with greater RUP, but milk fat and lactose was not different between treatments. Body weight (BW) changes was improved with intake of high RUP but Body condition score (BCS) changes had significant difference and improved by increasing RUP in the diet. The efficiency of N use increased linearly. Milk urea N and predicted urinary N increased linearly when cows were fed higher amounts of RUP, but differences between the control treatment and high RUP diets were not significant. Fecal N and N balance did not have significant difference. Total tract digestibility of DM and crude protein (CP) intakes increased significantly with greater RUP. In general, increasing amounts of MP and RUP improved productive performance and BCS status of fresh cows and enhanced digestibility of DM and CP.
عرضه پروتئین قابل متابولیسم (MP) و توازن اسیدهای‌آمینه از راه انتخاب منابع قابل هضم از RUP می‌تواند مورد دستکاری قرار گیرد. اثرات آن روی بازده تولیدی و مورد استفاده قرار گرفتن نیتروژن گاوهای شیری تازه‌زا تعیین شد. برای انجام این طرح از تعداد 42 رأس گاو هلشتاین تازه‌زا چند شکم‌زا و 16 رأس شکم اول در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی بلافاصله پس از زایش به مدت 3 هفته استفاده شد و سپس همگی یک جیره را تا 120 روز پس از زایش دریافت کردند. از سه تیمار آزمایشی با سه غلظت مختلف RUP (به ترتیب، تیمار اول 65/6 درصد RUP، تیمار دوم 72/7 درصد، و تیمار سوم 79/8 درصد بر اساس ماده‌خشک) بدون تغییر در RDP (3/11 درصد) استفاده شد. جیره‌ها حاوی 30/26 درصد یونجه خشک، 60/12 درصد ذرت سیلو‌شده، 50/9 درصد تفاله چغندر، و 5/51 درصد کنسانتره بر اساس ماده خشک بودند. اجزای جیره‌ها در بین تیمارها یکسان بودند به جز پودر‌ماهی و کنجاله گلوتن ذرت که در جایگزینی نسبی با دانه جو و کنجاله سویا استفاده شد. ماده خشک مصرفی تفاوت معنیدار نداشت، ولی افزایش عددی داشت. داده‌های تولید شیر و تولید شیر تصحیح شده برای درصدهای مختلف چربی نیز تفاوت معنیدار داشتند (05/0>P). ترکیبات شیر به جز پروتئین شیر که تفاوت معنیدار در بین تیمارها داشت (05/0>P)، از لحاظ آماری تفاوتی را نشان ندادند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری نشان داد که تغییرات امتیاز شرایط بدنی با مصرف جیره‌های دارای RUP بالاتر بهبود معنی‌داری داشت (05/0>P). نیتروژن اوره‌ای شیر تفاوت معنیدار داشت (05/0>P). روند تغییرات نیتروژن پیش‌بینی شده ادراری همانند نیتروژن اوره‌ای شیر بود. نیتروژن‌مصرفی نیز در بین تیمارها افزایش معنیدار نشان داد (05/0>P). قابلیت‌هضم ماده‌خشک و پروتئین‌خام افزایش معنی‌داری داشتند (05/0>P). در تیمار دارای RUP بالاتر نشان دادند. به طور کلی جیره با RUP بالاتر توانست از موبیلیزاسیون بیش از حد بافت‌های بدن پیش‌گیری کند و تولید شیر و تولید‌مثل حیوان را به طور معنی‌داری بهبود بخشد و گلوکز خون که شاخص مهمی در اوایل دوره پس از زایش است را افزایش دهد.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 13th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Armentano L.E., Bertics S.J. and Ducharme G.A. (1997). Response of lactating cows to methionine or methionine plus lysine added to high protein diets based on alfalfa and heated soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 1194-1199.
BobeG., Young J.W. and Beitz D.C. (2004). Invited review: pathology, etiology, prevention and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3105-3124.
Broderick G.A. (2003). Effects of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1370-1381.
Broderick G.A., Huhtanen P., Ahvenjärvi S., Reynal S.M. and Shingfield K.J. (2010). Quantifying ruminal nitrogen metabolism using the omasal sampling technique in cattle. A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 3216-3230.
Chen J., Broderick G., Luchini D., Sloan B. and Devillard E. (2009). Effect of metabolizable lysine and methionine concentrations on milk production and N utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92, (Suppl 1):171 (Abstr).
Chibisa G.E., Gozho G.N., Van Kessel A.G., Olkowski A.A. and Mutsvangwa T. (2008). Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism, body composition and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3512-3527.
Cunningham K.D., Cecava M.J., Johnson T.R. and Ludden P.A. (1996). Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on milk yield by cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 79, 620- 630.
DeVries M.J. and Veerkamp R.F. (2000). Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to milk production variables and fertility. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 62-69.
Doepel L., Lobley G.E., Bernier J.F., Dubreuil P. and Lapierre H. (2009). Differences in splanchnic metabolism between late gestation and early lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 3233-3243.
Drackley J.K., Overton T.R. and Douglas G.N. (2001). Adaptations of glucose and long-chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 100-112.
Drackley J.K. (1999). Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? J. Dairy Sci. 82, 2259- 2273.
Duffield T.F., Lissemore K.D., McBride B.W. and Leslie K.E. (2009). Impact of hyper ketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 571-580.
Ellison Henson J., Schingoethe D.J. and Maiga H.A. (1997). Lactational evaluation of protein supplements of varying ruminaldegradabilities. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 385-392.
Flis S.A. and Wattiaux M.A. (2005). Effects of parity and supply of rumen degraded and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 2096-2106.
Garnsworthy P.C., Gong J.G., Armstrong D.G., Newbold J.R., Marsden M., Richards S.E., Mann G.E., Sinclair K.D. and Webb R. (2008). Nutrition, metabolism and fertility in dairy cows: 3. amino acids and ovarian function. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 4190-4197.
Houdijk J.G.M., Jessop N.S. and Kyriazakis I. (2001). Nutrient partitioning between reproductive and immune functions in animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 60, 515-525.
Ingvartsen K.L. (2006). Feeding and management related diseases in the transition cow physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feeding related diseases. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 126, 175-213.
Ipharraguerre I.R. and J.H. Clark. (2005). Impacts of the source and amount of crude protein on the intestinal supply of nitrogen fractions and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 22-37.
JonkerJ.S., Kohn R.A. and Erdman R.A. (1998). Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 2681-2692.
Kauffman A.J. and N.R. St-pierre. (2001). The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 2284-2294.
Kehrli M.E., Neill J.D., Burvenich C., Goff J.P., Lippolis J.D., Reinhardt T.A. and Nonnecke B.J. (2006). Energy and protein effects on the immune system. Pp. 460-461 in Ruminant Physiology. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplundand and M.O. Nielson, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publisher.
Khorasani G.R., Boer G.D.E. and Kennelly J. (1996). Response of early lactation cows to ruminallyundegradable protein in the diet. J. Dairy Sci. 79, 446-453.
Kohn R.A., Kalscheur K.F. and Russek-Cohen E. (2002). Evaluation of models to estimate urinary nitrogen and expected milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 227-233.
Komaragiri M.V.S. and Erdman R.A. (1997). Factors affecting body tissue mobilization in early lactation dairy cows. I. Effect of dietary protein on mobilization of body fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 929- 937.
Komaragiri M.V.S., Casper D.P. and Erdman R.A. (1998). Factors affecting body tissue mobilization in early lactation dairy cows. II. Effect of dietary fat on mobilization of body fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 169-175.
Langer S. and Fuller M.F. (2004). Interactions among the branchedchain amino acids and their effects on methionine utilization in growing pigs: effects on nitrogen retention and amino acid utilization. Br. J. Nutr. 83, 43-48.
Larsen M. and Kristensen N.B. (2009). Effect of abomasal glucose infusion on splanchnic amino acid metabolism in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7), 3306-3318.
Law R.A., Young F.J., Patterson D.C., Kilpatrick D.J., Wylie A.R.G. and Mayne C.S. (2009). Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 1001-1012.
LeBlanc S.J., Leslie K.E. and Duffield T.F. (2005). Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 159-170.
Nathalie L.F., Delphine M. and Christiane O. (2004). Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Liv. Prod. Sci. 87, 37-45.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washing ton, DC.
Nydam D.V., Ospina P.A., Stokol T. and Overton T.R. (2009). Evaluation of the effect of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB) concentrations on health, reproduction and production in transition dairy cattle from the Northeast USA. Pp. 97-103 in Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manufac., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
Ospina P.A., Nydam D.V., Stokol T. and Overton T.R. (2009). Herd alarm levels for health, reproductive and production effects based on NEFA and ßHB concentrations in dairy herds. Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Pract. Annu.
Overton T.R., Drackley J.K., Douglas G.N., Emmert L.S. and Clark J.H. (1998). Hepatic gluconeogenesis and whole body protein metabolism of periparturient dairy cows as affected by source of energy and intake of the prepartum diet. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 295.
Phillips G.J., Citron T.L., Sage J.S., Cummins K.A., Cecava M.J. and McNamara J.P. 2003. Adaptations in body muscle and fat in transition dairy cattle fed differing amounts of protein and methionine hydroxy analog. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 3634-3647.
Plaizier J.C., Martin A., Duffield T.F., Bagg R., Dick P. and McBride B.W. 2000. Effect of prepartum administration of monensin in controlled release capsule on apparent digestibilities and nitrogen utilization in transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 2918-2925.
Santos J.E.P., Huber J.T., Theurer C.B., Nussio L.G., Tarazon M. and Santos F.A.P. (1999). Response of lactating dairy cow’s tosteam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled cornand protein sources of differing degradability. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 728-737.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS/STAT® User’s Guide,Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Inst Inc, Cary, NC.
Schwab C.G. and Foster G.N. (2009). Maximizing milk components and metabolizable protein utilization through amino acid formulation. Pp. 1-15 in Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
Tamminga S. (1992). Nutrition management of dairy cows as a contribution to pollution control. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 345-357.
Van Knegsel A.T.M., Vanden Brand H., Dijkstra J., Van Straalen W.M., Heetkamp M.J.W., Tamminga S. and Kemp B. (2007). Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: energy partitioning and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1467-1476.
Van Saun R.J. (2004). Metabolic profiling and health risk in transition cows. Pp. 212-213 in Proc. Am. Assoc. Bov. Pract.
Wright T.C., Moscardini S., Luimes P.H., Susmel P. and McBride B.W. (1998). Effect of rumen undegradable protein and feed intake on nitrogen balance and milk protein production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 784-793.
