Genetic Differentiation of Draa Indigenous Breed and Relationships with Other Goat Populations Assessed by Microsatellite DNA Markers
محورهای موضوعی : Camelام. ایبنلبشیر 1 , ال. کلی 2 , آی. بوجنانه 3 , آ. چیخی 4 , آ. نبیچ 5 , ام. پیرو 6
1 - Center of Errachidia, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PO Box 529, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
2 - Istituto di Zootecnica e BioDNA Centro di Ricerca sulla Biodiversità e sul DNA Antico, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
3 - Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
4 - Center of Kénitra, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PO Box 1133, Kénitra, Morocco
5 - Laboratory of Veterinary Genetic Analyses, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
6 - Laboratory of Veterinary Genetic Analyses, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
کلید واژه: genetic diversity, Morocco, Goat, microsatellites, Draa breed,
چکیده مقاله :
Moroccan goats are characterized by the presence of different populations identified only based on their phenotypes. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic differentiation of the Draa goat breed and to analyze its genetic structure and its relationships with other local populations using 12 microsatellite markers. The screening was done in South Eastern and Southern Morocco on 192 animals form 5 populations, including Draa, Atlas, Barcha, Ghazzalia breeds, and from a set of goats showing highly variable phenotypes grouped together into “undefined goats” population. Population structure was assessed by standard diversity indices, multivariate statistics, analysis of molecular variance and bayesian clustering techniques. The mean allelic richness was 6.526, varying from 2.777 to 9.669. More than 88.4% of the total variance was distributed between individuals and only 1.85% was due to differences between populations. The Draa breed had the lowest observed heterozygosity (0.579), the highest inbreeding coefficient (0.161) and a higher number of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, it had the highest genetic distances from the other populations. Bayesian clustering showed a high level of admixture between populations, with a single well defined cluster identifiable within Draa breed. It was concluded that the studied Moroccan goat populations have a substantial but weakly structured genetic diversity, with the exception of Draa breed which shows a higher degree of differentiation and population substructure.
جمعیتهای مختلف بُزهای مراکشی تنها بر مبنای فنوتیپشان شناخته میشوند. هدف این مطالعه، ارزیابی تمایز ژنتیکی بُز نژاد دراا و آنالیز ساختار ژنتیکی آن و رابطهاش با سایر جمعیتهای بومی با استفاده از 12 نشانگر ریزماهواره است. این پژوهش در جنوب و جنوب شرقی مراکش روی 192 حیوان از پنج جمعیت شامل دراا، اطلس، بارکا، قازالیا و از مجموعهای از بزهایی که فنوتیپهای بسیار متغیری داشته و با یکدیگر در جمعیت بزهای نامشخص دستهبندی میشوند، صورت گرفته است. ساختار جمعیت با استفاده از شاخصهای تنوع استاندارد، آنالیز واریانس مولکولی و تکنیکهای خوشهبندی بیزی مرود مطالعه قرار گرفت. بیش از 4/88 درصد از واریانس کُل بین افراد توزیع شده و تنها 85/1 درصد ناشی از تفاوتهای بین جمعیتها بوده است. نژاد دراا پایینترین هتروزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده (579/0)، بالاترین ضریب همخونی (161/0) و انحراف بیشتری از تعادل هاردی-واینبرگ نشان داد. علاوه بر این، این نژاد بیشترین فاصله ژنتیکی را از سایر جمعیتها داشته است. خوشهبندی بیزی نشان داد که سطح بالایی از اختلاط بین جمعیتها وجود داشته و یک خوشه منفرد قابل شناسایی نیز در داخل نژاد دراا وجود دارد. نتایج نشان میدهند که جمعیتهای بُز مراکشی تنوع ژنتیکی قابل ملاحظهای داشته ولی در عین حال ساختار ژنتیکی ضعیفی دارند. در این بین، نژاد دراا یک استثنا بوده که درجه بالاتری از تمایز و ساختاربندی جمعیتی را نشان میدهد.
Agha S.H., Pilla F., Galal S., Shaat I., D’Anderea M., Reale S., Abdelsalam A.Z.A. and Li M.H. (2008). Genetic diversity in Egyptian and Italian goat breeds measured with microsatellite polymorphism. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 125, 194-200.
Al-Atiyat R.M., Al-Tamimi H.J., Salameh N.M. and Tabbaa M.J. (2015). Genetic diversity of different Jordan goat breeds using microsatellite markers. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25(6), 1532-1539.
Aljumaah R.S., Alobre M.M. and Al-Atiyat R.M. (2015). Use of microsatellite markers to assign goats to their breeds. Genet. Mol. Res. 14(3), 9071-9080.
Barker J.S.F. (1994). A global protocol for determining genetic distances among domestic livestock breeds. Pp. 501-508 in Proc. 5th World. Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod. Guelph, Canada.
Belkhir K., Borsa P., Chikhi L., Raufaste N. and Bonhomme F. (2004). GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
Benjelloun B., Ben Bati M., Chentouf M., Pompanon F., Ibnelbachyr M., El Amiri B., Rioux D. andand Taberlet P. (2011). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Moroccan goats. Small Rumin. Res. 98, 201-205.
Bruno-de-Sousa C., Martínez A.M., Ginja C., Santos-Silva F., Carolino M.I., Delgado J.V. and Gama L.T. (2011). Genetic diversity and population structure in Portuguese goat breeds. Livest. Sci. 135, 131-139.
Cañόn J., García D., García-Atane M.A., Obexer-Ruff G., Lenstra J.A., Ajmone-Marsan P., Dunner S. and Econogene C. (2006). Geographical partitioning of goat diversity in europe and Middle East. Anim.Genet. 37, 327-334.
Ciani E., Crepaldi P., Nicoloso L., Lasagna E., Sarti F.M., Moioli B., Napolitano F., Carta A., Usai G., D’Andrea M., Marletta D., Ciampolini R., Riggio V., Occidente M., Matassino D., Kompan D., Modesto P., Macciotta N., Ajmone-Marsan P. and Pilla F. (2013). Genome-wide analysis of Italian sheep diversity reveals a strong geographic pattern and cryptic relationships between breeds. Anim. Genet. 45, 256-266.
Dixit S.P., Verma N.K., Aggarwal R.A.K., Vyas M.K., Rana J. and Sharma A. (2012). Genetic diversity and relationship among Indian goat breeds based on microsatellite markers. Small Rumin. Res. 105, 38-45.
Excoffier L., Laval G. and Schneider S. (2005). Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol. Bioinform. Online.1, 47–50.
Excoffier L., Smouse P.E. and Quattro J.M. (1992). Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131(2), 479-491.
FAO. (2003). Defining livestock breeds in the context of community-based management of farm animal genetic resources, Pp. 27 in Proc. Workshop Held in Mbabane, Swaziland, Rome, Italy.
FAO. (2008). L’état des ressources zoogénétiques pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture dans le monde, édité par Barbara Rischkowsky et Dafydd Pilling, Rome, Italy.
FAO. (2011). Draft guidelines on molecular genetic characterization of animal genetic resources. Pp. in Proc. 13th Regular Session, Rome, Italy.
FAO. (2012). Phenotypic Characterization of Animal Genetic Resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome, Italy.
Fatima S., Bhong C.D., Rank D.N. and Joshi C.G. (2008). Genetic variability and bottleneck studies in Zalawadi, Gohilwadi and Surti goat breeds of Gujarat (India) using microsatellites. Small Rumin. Res. 77, 58-64.
Goudet J. (2001). FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). Available at: http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm.
Huson D.H. and Bryant D. (2006). Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(2), 254-267.
Ibnelbachyr M., Boujenane I. and Chikhi A. (2015). Morphometric differentiation of Moroccan Draa indigenous breed based on multivariate analysis. Anim. Genet. Resour. 57, 81-87.
Kharkar K., Kuralkar S.V. and Kuralkar P. (2015). Molecular genetic characterization of Berari breed of goat using microsatellite markers. Indian J. Anim. Res. 49(4), 423-428.
Korkmaz Ağaoğlu Ö. and Ertuğrul O. (2012). Assessment of genetic diversity, genetic relationship and bottleneck using microsatellite in some native Turkish breeds. Small Rumin. Res. 105, 53-60.
Lenstra J.A., Tigchelaar J., Biebach I., Econogene C., Hallsson J.H., Kantanen J., Nielsen V.H., Pompanon F., Naderi S., Rezaei H.R., Sæther N., Ertugrul O., Grossen C., Camenisch G., Vos-Loohuis M., Van Straten M., de Poel E.A., Windig J. and Oldenbroek K. (2017). Microsatellite diversity of the Nordic type of goats in relation to breed conservation: how relevant is pure ancestry? J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 134, 78-84.
Li X.L. and Valentini A. (2004). Genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous goat breeds based on microsatellite markers. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 121, 350-355.
Martínez A.M., Acosta J., Vega-Pla J.L. and Delgado J.V. (2006). Analysis of the genetic structure of the canary goat populations using microsatellites. Livest. Sci. 102, 140-145.
Miller S.A., Dykes D.D. and Polesky H.F. (1988). A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids. Res. 16(3), 1215.
Missohou A., Poutya M.R., Nenonene A., Dayo G.K., Ayssiwede S.B., Talaki E., Issa Y. and Fané A. (2011). Genetic diversity and differentiation in nine West African local goat breeds assessed via microsatellite polymorphism. Small Rumin. Res. 99, 20-24.
Nei M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics. 89, 583-592.
Pereira F., Queirós S., Gusmão L., Nijman I.J., Cuppen E., Lenstra J.A., Econogene C., Davis S.J.M., Nejmeddine F. and Amorim A. (2009). Tracing the history of goat pastoralism: new clues from mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA in North Africa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2765-2773.
Peter C., Bruford M., Perez T., Dalamitra S., Hewitt G., Erhardt G. and Econogene C. (2007). Genetic diversity and subdivision of 57 European and Middle-Eastern sheep breeds. Anim. Genet. 38, 37-44.
Pritchard J.K., Stephens M. and Donnelly P. (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 155, 945-959.
Rosenberg N.A. (2004). Distruct: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 4, 137-138.
Seilsuth S., Seo J.H., Kong H.S. and Jeon G.J. (2016). Microsatellite analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure in dairy goats in Thailand. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 29(3), 327-332.
Singh G., Thakur Y., Kour A., Sankhyan V. and Katoch S. (2015). Genetic characterization of Gaddi goat breed of Western Himalayas using microsatellite markers. Vet. World. 8(4), 527-31.
Sunnucks P. (2001). Efficient genetic markers for population biology. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 15, 199-203.
Tadlaoui Ouafi A., Babilliot J.M., Leroux C. and Martin P. (2002). Genetic diversity of the two main Moroccan goat breeds: phylogenetic relationships with four breeds reared in France. Small Rumin. Res. 45, 225-233.
Wright S. (1968). Genetic and Biometric Foundations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Yakubu A., Raji A.O. and Omeje J.N. (2010). Genetic and phenotypic differentiation of qualitative traits in Nigerian indigenous goat and sheep populations. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 5(2), 58-66.
