An Overview of Sex Selection at Conception in Mammals
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
1 - Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
2 - Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO-Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India
کلید واژه: Embryo, Livestock, selection, sex ratio, sperm,
چکیده مقاله :
Although the mechanisms under which sex ratio is controlled in nature remain unknown, researchers have attempted to treat sperm in an effort to predetermine the sex of the offspring. The methods of sperm separation that have been repeatedly reported to isolate fractions rich in X- or Y-chromosome bearing sperm are serum albumin gradient swim-up and flow cytometry. However, the ability of the serum albumin gradient method to isolate Y-chromosome rich fractions and alter the sex ratio of offspring is still a subject of controversy. The flow cytometry technology used to separate X- and Y-bearing sperm into live fractions has been improved and publications showed that the procedure for the capacitation of flow cytometry sorted sperm might be successfully applied for fresh sperm in in vitrofertilisation(IVP)programs. In the case of sexing embryos the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a service offered by several embryo transfer practitioners, but it is labor intensive and costly. In addition, biopsied embryos do not survive freezing very well. In the near future, PCR assays for use in the predetermination of the sex of offspring may become available. In combination with in vitro maturation(IVM), in vitro fertilisation(IVP) and embryo transfer techniques, it is very likely that sexed spermatozoa or embryo will be used widely and efficiently in mammals where higher numbers of spermatozoa or embryo are usually required. To be commercially viable, a method of embryo sexing must be highly efficient, simple and cheap. Although many livestock breeders request embryo sexing, it has not found widespreaduse especially in developing countries.
اگرچه مکانیسمهایی که به واسطه آنها نسبت جنسیت در طبیعت کنترل میشود ناشناخته باقی مانده است، محققان سعی می‌کنند تا به منظور از پیش تعیین نمودن جنسیت فرزند، اسپرم را مورد درمان قرار دهند. روشهای جداسازی اسپرم که به طور مکرر گزارش نمودهاند سبب جداسازی بخشهای غنی از اسپرمهای حامل کروموزوم X یا Y میشوند مشتمل بر روشهای فلوسیتومتری و استفاده از شیب غلظت آلبومین سرم هستند. فناوری فلوسیتومتری که برای جداسازی اسپرمهای حامل کروموزوم X و Y به بخشهای زنده استفاده میشود بهبود یافته و تحقیقات نشان میدهند که با توجه به قابلیت این روش برای ظرفیتسازی اسپرمهای مرتب شده ممکن است به طور موفق برای اسپرم تازه در برنامههای باروری درون آزمایشگاهی (IVP) به کار گرفته شود. در خصوص رویانهای تعیین جنسیت شده استفاده از واکنش زنجیره پلیمراز (PCR) خدمتی است که به وسیله برخی از تکنسینهای انتقال رویان ارایه شده است، ولی این روش نیاز به نیروی کاری زیادی داشته و پرهزینه است. بعلاوه، زنده‌مانی رویانهای بیوپسی شده در طی مراحل انجماد خیلی مناسب نیست. در آینده نزدیک، ممکن است روشهای سنجش PCR برای استفاده در زمینه از پیش تعیین نمودن جنسیت فرزندان در دسترس قرار گیرد. به همراه روش بلوغ درون آزمایشگاهی (IVM) و تکنیکهای باروری درون آزمایشگاهی (IVP) و انتقال رویان، این احتمال وجود دارد که اسپرم یا رویان تعیین جنسیت شده به طور گسترده و کارآمدی در پستانداران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد که در این حالت معمولاً به تعداد بالاتری اسپرم یا رویان نیاز میباشد. برای این‌که از نظر اقتصادی نیز مقرون به صرفه باشد، روش تعیین جنسیت رویان باید دارای کارآیی بالا بوده، ساده و ارزان باشد. اگرچه بسیاری از پرورش دهندگان حیوانات مزرعهای متقاضی استفاده از روش تعیین جنسیت رویان هستند، هنوز استفاده گسترده از این تکنیک به ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه صورت نگرفته است.
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