Inbreeding and Its Effects on Body Weight,Kleiber Ratio, Body Measurements, Greasy Fleece Weight and Reproductive Traits of Makooei Sheep Breed
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, IranAgriculture Jihad Organization of West Azerbaijan, Makooei Sheep Breeding Station, Makoo, Iran
کلید واژه: individual inbreeding, Linear regression, Makooei sheep, maternal inbreeding, quadratic regression,
چکیده مقاله :
A pedigree file consisting of 5860 individuals, 167 sires and 1582 dams collected at Makooei sheep breeding station (MSBS) during a period of 24 years (1990 to 2013) was used to calculate the inbreeding coefficients to reveal any probable effects of inbreeding (F) on the studied traits. The studied traits were classified to the five main groups including body weight, Kleiber ratio, body measurements, greasy fleece weight and reproductive traits. The inbreeding coefficient among the individuals ranged from 0 to 25% with an average of 0.33%, and ranged from 0 to 25% among the ewes with an average of 0.21%. Fluctuations in individual and maternal inbreeding were observed in the period under study. The average generation interval was calculated as 3.6 years. The effective population size of the flock was 51.8 animals. The rate of inbreeding was 0.08% per year and 0.53% per generation. Six different models were applied and likelihood ratio test (LRT) was used to select the appropriate model. Based on the LRT, model II was selected as appropriate model for growth, greasy fleece weight at 6 months of age and kleiber ratio traits. The traits related to the live body weight were affected negatively (P<0.001) by the quadratic individual F. The linear individual regression coefficient of the Kleiber ratio was estimated significantly (P<0.01) as 0.001, as well the linear maternal inbreeding regression was estimated significantly (P<0.05) as 0.0002. In general, body measurements were affected negatively by the quadratic effects of inbreeding (both individual and maternal) and positively by the linear effects of inbreeding. The reproductive traits were studied based on ewe inbreeding coefficient. Among the reproductive traits, the quadratic regression coefficient of conception rate was estimated significantly (P<0.05) as -0.22. Quadratic regression coefficient of litter mean weight per lamb born were estimated significantly (P<0.01) as -0.63 per 0.01 change in the ewe inbreeding coefficient. Therefore, inbreeding should be avoided, except for purposes of genetic breeding whose main objective is the fixation of certain alleles in the population.
مبنا و اساس این مطالعه مروری در نظر گرفتن نقشی است که عوامل حیوانی (تولید شیر بالقوه، وزن بدن، امتیاز شرایط بدنی، وضعیت شیردهی، شکم زایش و باروری) در عملکرد تولید شیر (با در نظر گرفتن توازن انرژی و عملکرد شکمبه در طی منحنی کامل شیردهی حیوانات) و کیفیت شیر (محتوای پروتئین شیر، محتوای چربی شیر، محتوای لاکتوز شیر، ویتامینها، مواد معدنی، ایمنوگلوبولین‌ها، سلولهای شیر، باکتریهای بیماریزا و بازدارندهها) گاوهای شیری در حال چرا (با در نظر گرفتن نرخ جایگزینی و پاسخ تولید شیر در مرتع حیوانات در شرایط مصرف برنامههای مکملسازی مختلف) ایفا میکنند. تمامی این عوامل، در جهت دستیابی به تولید شیر بالا در حیوانات، به مدیریت مرتع به عنوان عوامل کلیدی بقای سیستمهای شیری چرا و به منظور حفظ مصرف ماده خشک مرتعی بالا در چمنزارهای با کیفیت علوفه گرامینه بالا (سطوح بالای پروتئین خام، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول در آب و قابلیت هضم ماده آلی در مرتع ولی دارای سطوح پایین الیاف نامحلول در محلول پاک کننده اسیدی و خنثی) توجه دارند، که در تمامی طول فصل چرا نیازهای گاو را در تمامی زمانها و در طی طول دوره شیردهی برآورده نماید. همچنین ضروری است تا استفاده از مکملسازی مرتع (به طور طبیعی در نقطه اوج دوره شیردهی، زمانی که گاوها به طور کلی در وضعیت توازن منفی انرژی هستند و فراهم نمودن مواد سیلو شده یا کنسانتره می‌تواند به بهبود این شرایط کمک کند) بتواند سطح تولید شیر را در حد مطلوب حفظ نماید. به موجب این امر، باید به دنبال دستیابی به نرخ تبدیل بهینه علوفه گرامینه به شیر به صورت رقابتی و سودآور بود. برای نیل به این هدف سیستمهای تولید شیر مبتنی بر مرتع در بیشتر مناطق معتدله در سرتاسر جهان ایجاد شده است که تأکید آنها بر افزایش قیمت شیر و افزایش درآمد دامداران در نواحی مرطوبی نظیر گالیسیا (در شمال غربی اسپانیا) است. در این صورت بهبود کمیت و کیفیت شیر تولیدی به صنایع شیری انتقال مییابد.
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