An Overview of Major Genes Affecting Prolificacy in Sheep and Related Mechanisms
محورهای موضوعی : Camelام.ام. مستهافا 1 , اف.ام.ام.تی. ماریکار 2
1 - National Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193,China
2 - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Science, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
کلید واژه: BMPs, follicular selection, mutated genes, ovulation rate, prolificacy,
چکیده مقاله :
The objective of this review is to explore the current developments on major genes working on prolific sheep breeds and the mechanism behind it, while identifying the future working points. Productivity is the ultimate goal of farm animal production and prolificacy is a key feature in determining productivity in farm animals. Ovulation rate in mammals is an intricate process involving genetics and endocrine pathways. Exceptional reproductive capabilities along with higher ovulation rates were observed in many breeds of sheep from different parts of the world since the discovery of Booroola Merino sheep. These naturally occurring mutations acting on prolificacy are found in chromosomes 5, 6, 11 and X but speculations are around about the presence of more mutations on these genes or different genes on multi ovulating sheep breeds. The exact control mechanism of multiple ovulations and multiple births in prolific sheep breeds is poorly understood. Over the years it has been repeatedly shown that gonadotropins and intra ovarian factors play vital and variety of roles. More specifically, follicular stimulating hormone regulation during folliculogenesis could be a promise for the future studies. Among those intra ovarian factors, bone morphogenic protein system is one of the indispensable components, which exerts enormous enthusiasm among the scientific community towards manipulating ovarian folliculogenesis. Rather surprisingly, biological and physiological roles of bone morphogenic protein subfamily are not thoroughly elucidated and contradictory findings among the mammals make further twists, which will be the gaps to be filled in the near future. Presence of a regulatory control loop between oocyte, granulosa and theca cells throughtransforming growth factor B(TGFB) superfamily is proposed here.
هدف از این مطالعه مروری، بررسی پیشرفتهای کنونی در شناسایی ژنهای فعال در نژادهای گوسفند چند‌قلوزا و مکانیسمهای مؤثر بر آن‌ها و بررسی فرصتهای مطالعاتی آینده در این زمینه است. هدف نهایی در پرورش حیوانات مزرعهای، کسب کارآیی بوده و چندقلوزایی نیز یک ویژگی کلیدی در تعیین کارآیی حیوانات مزرعهای به شمار میرود. نرخ تخمک گذاری در پستانداران یک فرآیند پیچیده بوده که تحت تأثیر ژنتیک و مسیرهای هورمونی درونریز است. از زمان کشف گوسفند برولا مرینو، بالا بودن تواناییهای تولیدمثلی در قالب نرخ تخمک گذاری بالا در اکثر نژادهای گوسفند در سرتاسر دنیا مطالعه شده است. جهشهایی که بهصورت طبیعی رُخ داده و بر چندقلوزایی مؤثر هستند، در کروموزوهای 5، 6، 11 و X دیده میشوند. ولی تصور میشود که جهشهای بیشتری بر روی ژنهای مختلف در نژادهای گوسفند دارای قابلیت تخمک گذاری چندگانه تأثیر میگذارند. مکانیسمهای کنترل کننده تخمکگذاری چند گانه و چندقلوزایی در این نژادهای گوسفند هنوز به خوبی مطالعه و شناخته نشدهاند. در سالهای گذشته مکرراً نشان داده شده است که گُنادوتروپینها و عوامل درون تخمدانی نقشهای حیاتی و متفاوتی را در این فرآیند ایفا میکنند. القای تنظیم هورمونی فولیکولها در طی فولیکولزایی، میتواند یکی از زمینههای مطالعاتی در آینده باشد. در بین عوامل درون تخمدانی، سامانه پروتئین ریختزایی استخوان یکی از مؤلفههای ضروری است که برای دستورزی فولیکولزایی تخمدانی به طور وسیعی در مجامع علمی در حال مطالعه و بررسی است. علاوه بر این، وظایف بیولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی خانواده پروتئین ریختزایی استخوان کاملاً شناخته شده نبوده و یافتههای متناقض در بین پستانداران نیز قدری کار را پیچیده نموده و چالشهایی را ایجاد کرده است که در آینده باید حل شوند. این مطالعه معتقد است که یک حلقه کنترل تنظیمی بین اووسیت، گرنولوزا و سلولهای تیکا از طریق خانواده TGFB وجود دارد.
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