The Effects of Dietary Calcium Sources and Vitamin D3 on Egg Quality and Performance in Laying Hens

محورهای موضوعی : Camel

A. Safamehr ¹ , S. Hedatyati ² , M.H. Shahir ³

1 - Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1390/10/19 تاریخ پذیرش : 1390/12/27 تاریخ انتشار : 1391/12/11

کلید واژه: Performance, laying hens, vitamin D3, calcium source, Eggshell Quality,

چکیده مقاله :

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of different sources of calcium at different rates and cholecalciferol(Vitamin D3) on the performance and egg quality of Hy-line W-36 Laying hens. In this study a total of 648 hens were managed in a completely randomized design using a factorial arrangement of 3 × 3 × 2 treatments, with three calcium sources (oyster shell, OS; ground limestone, GLI; fine limestone, FLI) and three different rates (70:30, 30:70, 50:50) and two levels of vitamin D3 (3300 and 5000 IU/kg diet). At 33-wk of age, hens received 18 treatments (3 replicates per treatment) until 45 wk. The results showed that egg weight (g), egg production (%), egg mass (g), feed intake (g), feed conversion ratio and egg quality traits which involve egg gravity, yolk index, shell weight (g), and Haugh unit were not effected by calcium sources and different levels of vitamin D3. The high level of vitamin D3, resulted in an increase of eggshell thickness, ash and calcium percentage of eggshell (P<0.05). Moreover, replacement of 50-70% FLI or GLI with OS improved eggshell quality (P<0.05). There was a significant (P<0.05) interaction between Ca sources and vitamin D3 level on eggshell quality. Hens fed with diets containing OS/GLI at 70:30 and vitamin D3 at 5000 IU/kg showed the highest values for eggshell thickness, calcium and ash (P<0.05). These results clearly indicated that supplying calcium sources, with at least 1 / 2 OS (large particle) with or without high level of D3, can significantly improve eggshell quality without adverse effects on the laying performance in first cycle of the laying period.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abdulrahim S.M., Patel M.B. and McGinnis J. (1979). Effects of vitamin D₃ and D₃ metabolites on production parameters and hatchability of eggs. Poult. Sci. 58, 858-863.
Ahmad H.A. and Balander R.J. (2003). Alternative feeding regime of calcium source and phosphorus level for better eggshell quality in commercial layers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12, 509-514.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Arlington V.A., Bar A. and Hurwitz S. (1973). Uterine calcium-binding protein in laying fowl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 45, 579-586.
Bolden S.L. and Jensen L.S. (1985). Effect of dietary calcium level and ingredient composition on plasma calcium and shell quality in laying hens.Poult. Sci. 64, 1499-1505.
Brister R.D., Linton S.S. and Creger C.R. (1981). Effects of dietary calcium sources and particle sizes on laying hens performance. Poult. Sci. 60, 2643-2654.
Cesar C., Cerate S., Wang Z., Yan F., Min Y., Costa F.P. and Waldroup P.W. (2010). Effect of source and level of vitamin D on the performance of breeder hens and the carryover to the progeny. Inter. J. Poult. Sci. 9(7), 623-633.
Cheng T. and Coon C.N. (1990). Effect on layer performance and shell quality of switching limestone with different solubilities. Poult. Sci. 69, 2199-2203.
Davies M.I.,Ritcey G.M. and Motzok I. (1970). Intestinal phytase and alkaline phosphatase of chicks: influence of dietary calcium, inorganic and phytate phosphorus and vitamin D₃. Poult. Sci. 49,1280-1286.
Farmer M., Roland D.A. and Clark J. (1986). Influence of time of calcium intake on bone and dietary calcium utilization. Poult. Sci. 65, 555-558.
Florescu S., Paraschiv S. and Florescu A. (1986). Utilization of calcium from different sources in feeding laying hens. Rev. Anim. Sci. 36, 45-51.
Grizzle J., Iheanacho M., Saxton A. and Broaden J. (1992). Nutritional and environmental factors involved in egg shell quality of laying hens. Bri. Poult. Sci. 33, 781-794.
Guinotte F. and Nys Y. (1990). Effect of particle size and origin of calcium sources on eggshell quality and bone mineralization in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 70, 583-592.
Guinotte F. and Nys Y. (1991). Effects of particle size and origin of calcium sources on eggshell quality and bone mineralization in egg laying hens. Poult. Sci. 7, 583-592.
Hamilton R.M.G. (1982). Methods and factors that affect the measurement of egg shell quality. Poult. Sci. 61, 2022-2039.
Hamilton R.M.G., Fairfull R.W. and Gowe R.S. (1985). Use of particulate limestone or oyster shell in the dietary regime of white leghorn hens. Poult. Sci. 64, 1750-1762.
Hansen K.K., Beck M.M., Scheideler S.E. and BlankenshipE.E. (2004). Exogenous estrogen boost circulating estradiol concentrations and calcium uptake by duodenal tissue in heat stressed hens. Poult. Sci. 83, 895-900.
Keshavarz K. (2000). Non phytate phosphorous requirement of laying hens with and without phytase on a phase feeding program. Poult. Sci. 78, 699-706.
Keshavarz K. and Nakajima S. (1993). Re-evaluation of Ca and phosphorus requirements of laying hens for optimum performance and eggshell quality. Poult. Sci. 72, 144-153.
Keshavarz K. and Quimby F.W. (2002). An investigation of different molting techniques with an emphasis on animal welfare. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11, 54-67.
Lavelin I.,Meiri N. and Pines M.(2000). New insight in eggshell formation. Poult. Sci. 79, 1014-1017.
Lichovnikova M. (2007). The effect of dietary calcium source, concentration, and particle size on calcium retention, eggshell quality, and overall calcium requirement in laying hens. Bri. Poult. Sci. 48, 71-75.
Miller P.C. and Sunde M.L. (1975). The effect of various particle sizes of oyster shell and limestone on performance of laying leghorn pullets. Poult. Sci. 54, 1422-1433.
Mongin P. and Sauveur B. (1974). Voluntary food and calcium intake by the laying hen. Bri. Poult. Sci. 15, 349-359.
Muir F.V., Harris P.C. and Gerry N.W. (1976). The comparative value of five calcium sources for laying hens. Poult. Sci. 55, 1046-1051.
Norman A.W. (1987). Studies on the vitamin D endocrine system in the avian. J. Nutr. 117, 797-807.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9^th Rev. Ed. National Research Council National Acade my Press, Washington DC.  
Oluyemi J.A. and Roberts F.A. (1979). Poultry Production in Warm Climate. 1^st Ed. The Mac-Millian Press Ltd. London.
Rao K.S. and Roland D.A. (1989). Influence of dietary calcium level and particle size of calcium source on in vivo calcium solubilization by commercial Leghorns. Poult. Sci. 68, 1499-1505.
Richter G., Kiessling G., Ochrimenko W.I. and Ludke H. (1999). Influence of particle size and calcium source on limestone solubility in vitro, performance and eggshell quality in laying hens. Arch. Geflug. 63, 208-213.
Roland D.A. (1986). Egg Shell Quality. Calcium and phosphorus requirement of commercial leghorns. World׳s Poult. Sci. J. 42, 154-165.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 6.11. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Saunders-Blades J.L., MacIsaac J.L., Korver D.R. and Anderson D.M. (2009). The effect of calcium source and particle size on the production performance and bone quality of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 88, 338-353.
Sauveur B. and Mongin P. (1974). Effects of time-limited calcium meal upon food and calcium ingestion and egg quality. Brit. Poult. Sci. 15, 305-313.
Scheideler S.E. (1998). Eggshell calcium effects on egg quality and Ca digestibility in first- or third-cycle laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 7, 69-74.
Scheideler S.E. (2004). Calcium source, particle size and calcium level for laying hens. Pp. 202-20 in Proc. Midwest Poultry Federation Convention. ST Paul, MN, Midwest Poultry Federation.
Scott M.L., Hull S.J. and Mullendorf P.A. (1971). The calcium requirements of laying hens and effects of dietary oyster shell upon eggshell quality. Poult. Sci. 50, 1055-1063.
Soares Jh.Jr., Ottinger M.A. and Buss E.G. (1988). Potential role of 1, 25-di hydroxyl cholecalciferol in egg shell formation. Poult. Sci. 67,1322-1328.
Solomon S. (1997). Egg and Eggshell Quality. Iowa State Press.
Standelman W.J. and Cotterill O.J. (1986). Egg science and technology. 3^rd Ed. New York, Food Products Press.
Wasserman R.H. and Taylor A.N. (1968). Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Response to some physiological and nutritional variables. J. Biol. Chem. 243, 3987-3993.
Witt de F.H., Kuleile N.P., Van der Merve H.J. and Fair M.D. (2009). Effect of limestone particle size on bone quality characteristics of hens at end of lay. South. Af. J. Anim. Sci. 39, 41-44.
Zhang B. and Coon C.N. (1997). The relationship of calcium intake, source, size, solubility in vitro and in vivo, and gizzard limestone retention in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 76, 1702-1706.