The Pattern of Linkage Disequilibrium in Livestock Genome
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
1 - Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
کلید واژه: SNP, genomic selection, Dˊ, linkage disequilibrium, r2,
چکیده مقاله :
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is bases of genomic selection, genomic marker imputation, marker assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, parentage testing and whole genome association studies. The Particular alleles at closed loci have a tendency to be co-inherited. In linked loci this pattern leads to association between alleles in population which is known as LD. Two metric parameter Dˊ and r2 were suggested for measuring the extent of LD in population. D' are more influenced by variation in allele frequencies than r2. Until recently all research on LD was carried out by microsatellite, which reported high level of Dˊ in wide extent. As progressing on large scale genomes sequencing a huge number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were detected on genome and microsatellite replaced by SNP in such researches. By using SNP, high level of LD in short distance has been reported. Many factors can affect LD such as selection, migration, genetic drift, mutation, small finite population size and recombination. So, LD is basic tools for exploring the genetic basis of quantitative traits in livestock. Likewise, comparative LD maps make a capable us to examine the degree of diversity between breeds and to discover genomic regions that have been subject to selection. Therefore, this review states concept and current approach to estimating LD and extent of LD in livestock population.
پیوستگی متعادل پایه انتخاب ژنومی، ایمپوتیشن نشانگرهای ژنتیکی، انتخاب بر مبنای نشانگر، مکانیابی جایگاه صفات کمی، آزمون تشخیص والدین و مطالعات ارتباطی کل ژنوم میباشد. آللها در جایگاههای نزدیک بهم تمایل به با هم بودن دارند. در جایگاههای پیوسته این الگو منجر به ارتباط بین آللها در جمعیت میشود که پیوستگی نامتعادل خوانده میشود. دو پارامتر Dˊ و r2 برای اندازهگیری وسعت پیوستگی نامتعادل در جمعیت پیشنهاد شده است. Dˊ بیشتر از r2 تحت تأثیر تغییرات فراوانی آللی قرار دارد. در طی سال‌های گذشته کلیه مطالعات بر روی پیوستگی نامتعادل با استفاده از نشانگر ریزماهواره انجام میشد. با پیشرفت در توالییابی کل ژنوم حجم بالای از SNP در ژنوم شناسایی شد و ریزماهواره‌ها با SNPها جایگزین شدند. با استفاده از SNP سطح بالای از پیوستگی نامتعادل در فواصل کوتاه گزارش شد. فاکتورهای زیادی مانند انتخاب، مهاجرت، رانش ژنتیکی، جهش، اندازه جمعیت کوچک و نوترکیبی پیوستگی نامتعادل را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهند. بنابراین به نظر میرسد، پیوستگی ژنتیکی ابزار مناسبی برای بررسی ژنتیکی صفات کمی حیوانات اهلی میباشد. بعلاوه نقشههای مقایسهای پیوستگی نامتعادل، ما را قادر به بررسی میزان تنوع بین نژادها و شناسایی نواحی ژنومی تحت فشار انتخاب میسازد. در این مقاله مروری بر مفهوم و روشهای موجود برای برآورد مقدار و وسعت پیوستگی نامتعادل در جمعیت حیوانات اهلی خواهیم داشت.
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