ابتکار «جاده ابریشم سلامت»: زمینه ساز نفوذ چین در حکمرانی سلامت جهانی

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی

محسن کشوریان آزاد ¹ , محمد جولانی ²

1 - استادیار مدعو گروه روابط بین الملل
2 - گروه روابط بین الملل. دانشکده علوم انسانی. دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. تهران. ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/10/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/06/19 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/06/01

کلید واژه: چین, نفوذ, حکمرانی, جاده ابریشم سلامت, سلامت جهانی,

چکیده مقاله :

پکن در حوزه اقتصادی، تجاری، مالی و پولی، فناوری و سایبری برای افزایش تقویت جایگاه خود در حکمرانی جهانی سازوکارهایی ایجاد کرد. در ادامه ابتکارات و طرح‌های چین برای نفوذ در حکمرانی جهانی، حوزه سلامت به‌عنوان یکی از محورهای سیاست خارجی چین تبدیل‌شد. هدف این مقاله تبیین جاده ابریشم سلامت و زمینه‌های نفوذ چین در حکمرانی سلامت جهانی است و به این پرسش پاسخ داده که طرح ابتکار جاده ابریشم سلامت چین چگونه زمینه‌ساز نفوذ این کشور در حکمرانی سلامت جهانی شده است؟ در پاسخ فرض بر آن است که جاده ابریشم سلامت چین به‌عنوان ابتکار نوظهور دیپلماتیک از طریق توسعه همکاری جنوب-جنوب، ایجاد سازوکارهای نهادی، مشارکت راهبردی دوجانبه و چندجانبه، و اتصال بخش سلامت با بخش اقتصاد، فناوری و ابتکار یک کمربند و یک راه، منجر به ترویج شبکه‌ی همکاری بهداشتی در جهان شده و زمینه‌ها‌ی نفوذ پکن را در حکمرانی سلامت جهانی فراهم آورده است. روش پژوهش تحلیلی-تبیینی است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که چین سازوکار حکمرانی موٍثر را جهت پیشبرد مدیریت مشترک و همکاری‌جویانه در سلامت جهانی ایجاد کرده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Beijing has created mechanisms in the economic, commercial, financial and monetary, technological and cyber spheres to increase its position in global governance. Following China's initiatives and plans to influence global governance, the health sector has become one of the axes of China's foreign policy. The purpose of this article is to explain the "Health Silk Road" and plans of China's influence in global health governance and And it answered the question that how China's "Health Silk Road" initiative has become the planning for this country's influence in global health governance? In response, it is assumed that China's "Health Silk Road" as an emerging diplomatic initiative through the development of South-South cooperation, establishment of institutional mechanisms, bilateral and multilateral strategic partnership, and connecting the health sector with the economic sector, technology and the "One Belt and One Road " initiative, has led to the promotion of the health cooperation network in the world and has provided the grounds for Beijing's influence in global health governance. The research method is analytical-explanatory. The findings show that China has established effective governance mechanisms to promote joint management and cooperative efforts in global health.

منابع و مأخذ:

-خوشکار، امیرعباس (1399). «گسترش جهانی ویروس کرونا و مدیریت قدرت نرم؛ بررسی موردی مدیریت چینی قدرت نرم»، دو فصلنامه مدیریت قدرت نرم، سال نهم، شماره دوم.

-کشوریان آزاد، محسن (1400)، «جاده ابریشم سلامت: حکمرانی چین در منطقه منا»، ماهنامه کارآفرین، پیاپی 145.

Adams, V., Thomas E. N.y, & Leslie, H. (2008). Global health diplomacy, Medical anthropology, 27(4), 315-323. Alcorn, T. (2015). New orientation for China's health assistance to Africa, The Lancet, 386(10011) .

Calabrese, J. (2022). China’s Health Silk Road and the BRI Agenda in the Middle East, The Middle East Institute, Available at: https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-health-silk-road-and-bri-agenda-middle-east#_ftn6,2022/01/11.

Cao, J. (2020). Toward a Health Silk Road: China’s Proposal for Global Health Cooperation, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 6(01), 19-35.

China and ASEAN (2019). China and ASEAN: Together for Vision 2030,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Available at: https://www.Fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_ eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1641437.shtml, 2019/02/27.

Chow-Bing, N. (2020). COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road:Implications for Southeast Asia, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Available at: https://asia.fes.de/news/health-silk-road-pub, 2020/10/01.

Gauttam, P., Bawa, S., & Jaspal, K. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese global health diplomacy: Geopolitical opportunity for China’s hegemony?, Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318-340.

Guoxiu, W. (2018). Building the Silk Road with Health, CGTN, Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/7a556a4d35457a6333566d54/index.html, 2018/06/26.

Huang, Y. (2022). The health silk road: How China adapts the belt and road initiative to the covid-19 pandemic. American Journal of Public Health, 112(4), 567-569.‏ Jing, X.,

Peilong, L., & Guo, Y. (2011). Health Diplomacy in China. Global health governance, Global Health Governance, 4(2).

Kickbusch, I., & Austin, L. (2022). Global health diplomacy—reconstructing power and governance, The Lancet, 2156-2166

. Leqesne, C., & Wang, E. (2020). Covid-19: Lessons from China’s public diplomacy in the EU, The Conversation, Available at: https://theconversation.com/covid-19-lessons-from-chinas-public-diplomacy-in-the-eu-140890, 2020/06/24.

Li, A. (2011). Chinese medical cooperation in Africa: with special emphasis on the medical teams and anti-malaria campaign, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; Peking University, School of International Studies.

Liang Fook, L. (2020). The Fight Against COVID-19: China’s Shifting Narrative and Southeast Asia, Yusof ishak institute, Available at: https:// www. iseas. edu. sg/ wpcontent /uploads/ 2020/02/ISEAS_Perspective_2020_26.pdf, 2020/04/07

. McKinsey, M. (2020). How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the technology tipping point—and transformed business forever , Mckinsey Company, Available at: https://www. mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever, 2020/10/05.

Muratbekova, A. (2020). China’s post-pandemic Digital Silk Road, Eurasian research institute, Available at: https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/chinas-post-pandemic-digital-silk-road, 2020/10/01. National Health Commission )2017). Beijing Communiqué of The Belt and Road Health Cooperation & Health Silk Road, Available at: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2017-08/18/c_72257.htm, 2017/08/18.

Olivia, K., Alissa, D., Tucker, J., & Mason Meier, B. (2018). Chinese Global Health Diplomacy in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, Global health governance: the scholarly journal for the new health security paradigm, 12(2), 4.

Pandit, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Global Health Diplomacy: A Strategic Opportunity for China?«, Indian Council of World Affairs, Available at: https://www.icwa.In/showcontent.Php? lang=1&level=3&ls_id=4737&lid=3547, 2020/04/24.

Peilong, L., Yan, G., Qian, X., Tang, SH., Zhihui, L., & Lincoln, C. (2014). China's distinctive engagement in global health, The Lancet, 384(9945), 793-804.

Ranaraja, Y., & Majueran, M. (2020). Is the 'Health Silk Road' a 'debt-trap' of China's BRI for Sri Lanka?, CGTN, Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-25/Is-the-Health-Silk-Road-a-debt-trap-of-China-s-BRI-for-Sri-Lanka--PXqPCPd7Ta/index.html, 2020/04/25.

Rudolf, M. (2021). China’s Health Diplomacy during Covid-19:The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Action, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs), Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2021C09/, 2021/01/26.

Scaria, S. (2021). Where MENA businesses are planning to invest in China's Belt and Road projects«, Zawya, Available at: https://www.zawya.com/en/wealth/where-mena-businesses-are-planning-to-invest-in-chinas-belt-and-road-projects-ik0qe4g6, 2021/02/11.

State Council (2020). Fighting COVID-19: China in Action, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, Available at: english.scio.gov.cn/whitepapers/2020-06/07/content_76135269.htm, 2020/06/07.

Stephen, T., Curtis, L., Fitt, J., & Goldberg, C. (2021). Positive Visions,Powerful Partnerships: The Keys to Competing with China in a Post-Pandemic Indo-Pacific, Center for a New American Security, Available at: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/positive-visions-powerful-partnerships,2021/03/31.

Xinhua (2020). Joint China-Argentina Energy Project Boosts Health Silk Road«, Xinhua News, Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/21/c139074643.htm, 2020/05/21.

Xinhua (2020). Speech by President Xi Jinping at opening of 73rd World Health Assembly, http://www.xinhuanet.com, Available at:http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_ 139067018.htm, 2020/05/18.

Yixiang, X. (2020). Reviving China’s Health Silk Road Initiative? Battle of Narratives and Challenges for Transatlantic Leadershi«, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS), Available at: https://www.aicgs.org/2020/03/reviving-chinas-health-silk-road-initiative-battle-of-narratives-and-challenges-for-transatlantic-leadership/, 2020/03/30.

Yuan, S. (2023). The Health Silk Road: A Double-Edged Sword? Assessing the Implications of China's Health Diplomacy under Covid-1

9

.‏ Zeng, W., Mengli, D., & Hongsong, L. (2023). China’s health silk road construction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Public Health, 18(1), 2185799.‏ Zoubir, Y. H. (2020). China’s ‘Health Silk Road’ Diplomacy in the MENA,

Regional Programme Political Dialogue and regional Integration in the Southern Mediterranea«, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Available at: https://www.kas.de/en/web/poldimed/single-title/-/content/china-s-health-silk-road-diplomacy-in-the-mena, 2020/07/22.

Zoubir, Y. H, & Emilie, T. (2022). China’s health silk road in the Middle East and North Africa amidst COVID-19 and a Contested World Order, Journal of Contemporary China, 31(135), 335-350.

Adams, V., Thomas E. N.y, & Leslie, H. (2008). Global health diplomacy, Medical anthropology, 27(4), 315-323.

Alcorn, T. (2015). New orientation for China's health assistance to Africa, The Lancet, 386(10011) .

Calabrese, J. (2022). China’s Health Silk Road and the BRI Agenda in the Middle East, The Middle East Institute, Available at: https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-health-silk-road-and-bri-agenda-middle-east#_ftn6,2022/01/11.

Cao, J. (2020). Toward a Health Silk Road: China’s Proposal for Global Health Cooperation, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 6(01), 19-35.

China and ASEAN (2019). China and ASEAN: Together for Vision 2030,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Available at: https://www.Fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_ eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1641437.shtml, 2019/02/27.

Chow-Bing, N. (2020). COVID-19, Belt and Road Initiative and the Health Silk Road:Implications for Southeast Asia, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Available at: https://asia.fes.de/news/health-silk-road-pub, 2020/10/01.

Gauttam, P., Bawa, S., & Jaspal, K. (2020). COVID-19 and Chinese global health diplomacy: Geopolitical opportunity for China’s hegemony?, Millennial Asia, 11(3), 318-340.

Guoxiu, W. (2018). Building the Silk Road with Health, CGTN, Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/7a556a4d35457a6333566d54/index.html, 2018/06/26.

Huang, Y. (2022). The health silk road: How China adapts the belt and road initiative to the covid-19 pandemic.

American Journal of Public Health, 112(4), 567-569.‏ Jing, X., Peilong, L., & Guo, Y. (2011). Health Diplomacy in China. Global health governance, Global Health Governance, 4(2).

Kickbusch, I., & Austin, L. (2022). Global health diplomacy—reconstructing power and governance, The Lancet, 2156-2166. Leqesne, C., & Wang, E. (2020). Covid-19: Lessons from China’s public diplomacy in the EU, The Conversation, Available at: https://theconversation.com/covid-19-lessons-from-chinas-public-diplomacy-in-the-eu-140890, 2020/06/24.

Li, A. (2011). Chinese medical cooperation in Africa: with special emphasis on the medical teams and anti-malaria campaign, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; Peking University, School of International Studies.

Liang Fook, L. (2020). The Fight Against COVID-19: China’s Shifting Narrative and Southeast Asia, Yusof ishak institute, Available at: https:// www. iseas. edu. sg/ wpcontent /uploads/ 2020/02/ISEAS_Perspective_2020_26.pdf, 2020/04/07

. McKinsey, M. (2020). How COVID-19 has pushed companies over the technology tipping point—and transformed business forever , Mckinsey Company, Available at: https://www. mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever, 2020/10/05.

Muratbekova, A. (2020). China’s post-pandemic Digital Silk Road, Eurasian research institute, Available at: https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/chinas-post-pandemic-digital-silk-road, 2020/10/01. National Health Commission )2017). Beijing Communiqué of The Belt and Road Health Cooperation & Health Silk Road, Available at: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2017-08/18/c_72257.htm, 2017/08/18.

Olivia, K., Alissa, D., Tucker, J., & Mason Meier, B. (2018). Chinese Global Health Diplomacy in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, Global health governance: the scholarly journal for the new health security paradigm, 12(2), 4.

Pandit, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Global Health Diplomacy: A Strategic Opportunity for China?«, Indian Council of World Affairs, Available at: https://www.icwa.In/showcontent.Php? lang=1&level=3&ls_id=4737&lid=3547, 2020/04/24.

Peilong, L., Yan, G., Qian, X., Tang, SH., Zhihui, L., & Lincoln, C. (2014). China's distinctive engagement in global health, The Lancet, 384(9945), 793-804.

Ranaraja, Y., & Majueran, M. (2020). Is the 'Health Silk Road' a 'debt-trap' of China's BRI for Sri Lanka?, CGTN, Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-25/Is-the-Health-Silk-Road-a-debt-trap-of-China-s-BRI-for-Sri-Lanka--PXqPCPd7Ta/index.html, 2020/04/25.

Rudolf, M. (2021). China’s Health Diplomacy during Covid-19:The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Action, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs), Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2021C09/, 2021/01/26.

Scaria, S. (2021). Where MENA businesses are planning to invest in China's Belt and Road projects«, Zawya, Available at: https://www.zawya.com/en/wealth/where-mena-businesses-are-planning-to-invest-in-chinas-belt-and-road-projects-ik0qe4g6, 2021/02/11.

State Council (2020). Fighting COVID-19: China in Action, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, Available at: english.scio.gov.cn/whitepapers/2020-06/07/content_76135269.htm, 2020/06/07.

Stephen, T., Curtis, L., Fitt, J., & Goldberg, C. (2021). Positive Visions,Powerful Partnerships: The Keys to Competing with China in a Post-Pandemic Indo-Pacific, Center for a New American Security, Available at: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/positive-visions-powerful-partnerships,2021/03/31.

Xinhua (2020). Joint China-Argentina Energy Project Boosts Health Silk Road«, Xinhua News, Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/21/c139074643.htm, 2020/05/21.

Xinhua (2020). Speech by President Xi Jinping at opening of 73rd World Health Assembly, http://www.xinhuanet.com, Available at:http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_ 139067018.htm, 2020/05/18.

Yixiang, X. (2020). Reviving China’s Health Silk Road Initiative? Battle of Narratives and Challenges for Transatlantic Leadershi«, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS), Available at: https://www.aicgs.org/2020/03/reviving-chinas-health-silk-road-initiative-battle-of-narratives-and-challenges-for-transatlantic-leadership/, 2020/03/30.

Yuan, S. (2023). The Health Silk Road: A Double-Edged Sword? Assessing the Implications of China's Health Diplomac

y under Covid-19.‏ Zeng, W., Mengli, D., & Hongsong, L. (2023). China’s health silk road construction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Public Health, 18(1), 2185799.‏ Zoubir, Y. H. (2020). China’s ‘Health Silk Road’ Diplomacy in the MENA, Regional Programme Political Dialogue and regional Integration in the Southern Mediterranea«, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Available at: https://www.kas.de/en/web/poldimed/single-title/-/content/china-s-health-silk-road-diplomacy-in-the-mena, 2020/07/22.

Zoubir, Y. H, & Emilie, T. (2022). China’s health silk road in the Middle East and North Africa amidst COVID-19 and a Contested World Order, Journal of Contemporary China, 31(135), 335-350.