Effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf on lipid profile, renal and hepatic function biomarkers of high salt fed Albino rats
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان دارویی
Obinna Ajah
1
,
Chika Unegbu
2
,
Chukwudi Onwusonye
3
,
Chiwendu Nnorom
4
,
Chioma Duru
5
1 - Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria;
2 - Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, School of Industrial and Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria
3 - Department of Biochemistry/Microbiology, School of Industrial and Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria;
4 - Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Akwa, Nigeria
5 - Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Industrial and Applied Sciences Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria;
کلید واژه: Biochemical indices, preventive, high salt, Bryophyllum pinnatum,
چکیده مقاله :
Background & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on the biochemical indices of high salt-fed albino rats.Experimental: Twenty-four male healthy albino rats weighing 110-150g were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 was administered with feed and water, which was the normal control. Group 2 was administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl only (Negative control), and groups 3 and 4 were administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively.Results: The acute toxicity of the methanol leaves extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats recorded no mortality even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the animal, thus LD50 could not be determined. The negative control group was significantly (P<0.05) higher in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, cholesterol (CHOL), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and bilirubin level when compared with other groups. There was a significant reduction in the Urea and Creatinine levels in the group administered with 400 mg/kg extract. The administration of high salt (18%) increased serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Urea, creatinine, TAG, Cholesterol, and LDL and reduced the high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Recommended applications/industries: The result of the high salt-fed untreated rats suggested inflammation of the liver and lipid dysfunction; however, the extract showed a highly potent effect in preventing cell damage that could be caused by high salt intake.
Background & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on the biochemical indices of high salt-fed albino rats.Experimental: Twenty-four male healthy albino rats weighing 110-150g were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 was administered with feed and water, which was the normal control. Group 2 was administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl only (Negative control), and groups 3 and 4 were administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively.Results: The acute toxicity of the methanol leaves extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats recorded no mortality even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the animal, thus LD50 could not be determined. The negative control group was significantly (P<0.05) higher in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, cholesterol (CHOL), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and bilirubin level when compared with other groups. There was a significant reduction in the Urea and Creatinine levels in the group administered with 400 mg/kg extract. The administration of high salt (18%) increased serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Urea, creatinine, TAG, Cholesterol, and LDL and reduced the high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Recommended applications/industries: The result of the high salt-fed untreated rats suggested inflammation of the liver and lipid dysfunction; however, the extract showed a highly potent effect in preventing cell damage that could be caused by high salt intake.
Albers, J.J., Warmick, G.R. and Cheng, M.C. 1978. Determination of high density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol. Lipids, 13: 926-932.
Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., Chan, C.S., Richmond, W.F.P.C. and Fu, P.C. 1974. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry, 20(4): 470–475.
Aprioku, J.S. and Igbe, I. 2017. Effects of aqueous Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract on hematological, renal and sperm indices in Wistar rats. Indian Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79(4):521-526.
Ayoola, I.O., Komolafe, O.A., Saka, O.S. and Odukoya, S.A. 2017. Biochemical effects of aqueous extract of Persea americana (Mill) on the myocardium of left ventricle of high salt–fed adult Wistar rats. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(4): 765-769.
Bopda, O.S.M., Longo, F., Bella, T.N., Edzah, P.M.O., Taiwe, G.S., Bilanda, D.C., Tom, E.N.L., Kamtchouing, P. and Dimo, T. 2014. Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153: 400–407.
Casmir, C.E,,Josua. P.E., Ukegbu, C.Y., Eze, C.S. and Nwodo, O.F. 2017. Antidiabetic potential of ethanol leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on alloxan –induced diabetic rats and their heamatological profiles. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 11(4): 526-533.
Cui, Y., Sun, K., Xiao, Y., Li, X., Mo, S., Yuan, Y., Wang, P., Yang, L., Zhang, R. and Zhu, X. 2022. High-salt diet accelerates bone loss accompanied by activation of ion channels related to kidney and bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 244: 114024.
Diana, N.C. 2007. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. In: Stephen, J.M., Maxine, A.P. editors. Therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory reference ranges. 46th Ed. pp. 1767–1775.
Ekinci, E.I., Clarke, S., Thomas, M.C., Moran, J., Cheong, K. and MacIsaac, R.J. 2011. Dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34: 703–709.
Ertuglu, L.A., Elijovich, F., Laffer, C.L. and Kirabo, A. 2021. Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure and insulin resistance. Frontier Physiology. 12: 793924.
Friedelwald, W.T,, Levy, R.I, and Fredrickson, D.S. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry, 18(6): 499–502.
Haq, N., Saima, M., Momna, A. and Shakee, A. 2018. Phytochemical composition: antioxidant potential and biological activities of corn. Production and Human health in changing Climate, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79648.
Harborne, J.B. 1973. Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall Limited, London.
Hedayatnia, M., Asadi, Z., Zare-Feyzabadi, R., Yaghooti-Khorasani, M., Ghazizadeh, H., Ghaffarian-Zirak, R., Nosrati-Tirkani, A., Mohammadi-Bajgiran, M., Rohban, M., Sadabadi, F., Rahimi, H., Ghalandari, M., Ghaffari, M., Yousefi, A., Pouresmaeili, E., Besharatlou, M., Moohebati, M., Ferns, A.G., Esmaily, H. and Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. 2020. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk among the MASHAD study population. Lipids Health and Disease, 19: 42-48.
Hu, Y., Yin, F., Yu, Z., Peng, Y., Zhao, G., Liu, Z., Zhou, D., Ma, X., Shahidi, F. and Zhu, B. 2020. Trans, trans-2,4-decadienal impairs vascular endothelial function by inducing oxidative/nitrative stress and apoptosis. Redox Biology, 34:101577.
Iwamoto, T., Torimoto, K., Gotoh, D., Onishi, S., Hori, S., Morizawa, Y., Nakai, Y., Miyake, M. and Fujimoto, K. 2022. Reduced salt intake partially restores the circadian rhythm of bladder clock genes in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Life Sciences, 306: 120842.
Kamboj, A. and Saluja, A.K. 2019. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.: Phytochemical and pharmacological profile: A review. Pharmacognosy Review. 3: 364–374.
Keyzer, C.A., Lambers-Heerspink, H.J., Joosten, M.M., Deetman, P.E., Gansevoort, R.T. and Navis, G. 2015. Plasma vitamin D level and change in albuminuria and eGFR according to sodium intake. Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 10: 2119–2127.
Kochmar, J.F. and Moss, D.W. 1976. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry, N.W. Tietz (ed). W.B. Sanders and Company, Philadelphia. pp. 604.
Leoni, S., Tovoli, F., Napoli, L., Serio, I., Ferri, S. and Bolondi, L. 2018. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(30): 3361-3373.
Lorke, D. 1983. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 54(4): 275–287.
Ndrepepa, G. 2021. Aspartate aminotransferase and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, 6:1-17.
NRC, 2011. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Eighth Edition, Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council (NRC), The National Academic Press, Washington DC, USA.
Ofen, O.E., Ani, E.J., Archibong, A.N. and Ufford, J.M. 2015. Variations in blood parameters of high salt loaded rats following administration of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Trends in Medical Research, 10(4): 97-105.
Olorunnisola, O.S., Fadahunsi, O.S., Adegbola, P.I., Ajilore, B.S., Ajayi, F.A. and Olaniyan, L.W.O. 2021. Phyllanthus amarus attenuated derangement in renal-cardiac function, redox status, lipid profile and reduced TNF-α, interleukins-2, 6 and 8 in high salt diet fed rats. Heliyon, 7(10): e08106.
Olorunnisola, O.S., Peter Adegbola, P.I., Ajilore, B.S., Abijo, A.Z., Ajayi, F.A. and Fadahunsi, O.S. 2021. Biochemical and histological investigation on the protective effect of poly-herbal extract in high salt diet-fed male Wistar rats. Phytomedicine Plus, 1(4): 100116.
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. 1957. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathololgy, 28: 56-58.
Slagman, M.C.J., Waanders, F., Hemmelder, M.H., Woittiez, A.J., Janssen, W.M.T.L. and Heerspink, H.J. 2011. Moderate dietary sodium restriction added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition compared with dual blockade in lowering proteinuria and blood pressure: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 343: d4366.
Temitope, I. and Oluwafemi, F. 2012. Phytochemical and ethnobotanical study of some selected medicinal plants from Nigeria; Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 23: 1106-1118.
Thapa, B.R. and Anuj, W. 2007. Liver function tests and their interpretation. Indian Journal Pediatric, 74: 663–671.
Thomas, M.C., Moran, J., Forsblom, C., Harjutsalo, V., Thorn, L. and Ahola, A. 2011. The association between bietary sodium intake, ESRD, and all-cause mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34: 861–866.
Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. 1989. Pharmacognosy. 11th Ed, Bailliere Tindall, London.
Vasdev, S., Gill, V.D., Parai, S. and Gadag, V. 2017. Effect of moderately high dietary salt and lipoic acid on blood pressure in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology. 12(2): 77-81.
Westpha, G., Kristen, G., Wegener, W., Ambatiello, P. and Geyer, H. 2012. Sodium chloride. In: ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, 7th Ed, Vol 33, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim, Germany, pp: 329-365.
