Pharmacognostic evaluation, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analysis of Ziziphus mauritiana (lam)

محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان دارویی

Owen-Obaseki Edehia ¹ , Zainab Bola Arowolo ² , Reuel Chinonyerem Samuel ³ , Ibrahim Babatunde Gegele ⁴

1 - Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical and Research Development, Idu Industrial Area, Abuja, Nigeria;
2 - Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical and Research Development, Idu Industrial Area, Abuja, Nigeria;
3 - Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba;
4 - Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical and Research Development, Idu Industrial Area, Abuja, Nigeria;

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/12/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/03/26 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/04/01

کلید واژه: Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, Pharmacognostic evaluation, HPLC analysis, Ziziphus mauritiana,

چکیده مقاله :

Background & Aim: Indian jujube or ber, Ziziphus mauritiana, is a member of the Rhamnaceae family with elliptic paired leaves. They have historically been used to manage a variety of conditions including hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, gonorrhea, abscesses, and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate and establish the pharmacognostic and physicochemical characteristics of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) by GC-MS, and HPLC analysis.Experimental: The dried leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) were extracted with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening, HPLC-DAD, and GC-MS analysis were carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract using standard method. The epidermal leaf microscopy was done on the fresh leaf, and other pharmacognostic evaluation such as chemomicroscopy, moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, and water-soluble extractive values were also carried out on the powdered leaf sample.Results: Quantitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid and saponin at 1.86±0.23% and 1.5±0.86%, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, rutin, catechin, ferulic acid, and gallic acid while GC-MS revealed the presence of 1,2 Benzenedicarboxylic acid and n-Decanoic acid. The pharmacognostic parameters of total ash were10.3 ±0.3% with acid-insoluble ash of 3.3 ±0.2%, water-soluble ash of 2.8 ±0.2%, moisture content of 5.5 ±0.3%, alcohol soluble extractive value of 8.1 ± 0.3% and water-soluble extractive value of 10.2 ±0.3%. Chemo-microscopic evaluation indicated the presence of lignin, cellulose, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate, oils, and protein. Microscopy, fluorescence, and organoleptic analysis were also documented.Recommended applications/industries: The findings on the pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, GC-MC analysis, and HPLC analysis of Z. mauritiana leaf can be used as diagnostic features that are useful in identifying and monitoring of the purity of the crude plant drug as well as being useful in telling the difference between closely related species used as raw material.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background & Aim: Indian jujube or ber, Ziziphus mauritiana, is a member of the Rhamnaceae family with elliptic paired leaves. They have historically been used to manage a variety of conditions including hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, gonorrhea, abscesses, and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate and establish the pharmacognostic and physicochemical characteristics of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) by GC-MS, and HPLC analysis.Experimental: The dried leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) were extracted with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening, HPLC-DAD, and GC-MS analysis were carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract using standard method. The epidermal leaf microscopy was done on the fresh leaf, and other pharmacognostic evaluation such as chemomicroscopy, moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, and water-soluble extractive values were also carried out on the powdered leaf sample.Results: Quantitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid and saponin at 1.86±0.23% and 1.5±0.86%, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, rutin, catechin, ferulic acid, and gallic acid while GC-MS revealed the presence of 1,2 Benzenedicarboxylic acid and n-Decanoic acid. The pharmacognostic parameters of total ash were10.3 ±0.3% with acid-insoluble ash of 3.3 ±0.2%, water-soluble ash of 2.8 ±0.2%, moisture content of 5.5 ±0.3%, alcohol soluble extractive value of 8.1 ± 0.3% and water-soluble extractive value of 10.2 ±0.3%. Chemo-microscopic evaluation indicated the presence of lignin, cellulose, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate, oils, and protein. Microscopy, fluorescence, and organoleptic analysis were also documented.Recommended applications/industries: The findings on the pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, GC-MC analysis, and HPLC analysis of Z. mauritiana leaf can be used as diagnostic features that are useful in identifying and monitoring of the purity of the crude plant drug as well as being useful in telling the difference between closely related species used as raw material.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abalaka, M., Mann, A. and Adeyemo, S. 2011. Studies on in-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential and phytochemical screening of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spinachristi L. compared with Ascorbic acid. Journal of Medicinal Genetics Genomics, 3(2): 28-34.
Abd-Allah, W.E., Awad, H.M. and AbdelMohsen, M.M. 2015. HPLC analysis of quercetin and antimicrobial activity of comparative methanol extracts of Shinus molle L. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4: 550-558.
Adigwe, O.P., Ibrahim, J.A., Buhari, A.H., Muhammed, K.A., Kirim, R.A., Danraka, A.M. and Egharevba, H.O. 2021. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical characterization of Maerua angolensis DC. African Journal of Plant Science, 15(4): 94-99.
Akhtar, N., Ijaz, S., Khan, H.M.S., Uzair, B., Reich, A. and Khan, B.A. 2016. Ziziphus mauritiana leaf extract emulsion for skin rejuvenation. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(5): 929-936.
Brito, S.M., Coutinho, H.D., Talvani, A., Coronel, C., Barbosa, A.G., Vega, C., Figueredo, F.G., Tintino, S.R., Lima, L.F. and Boligon, A.A. 2015. Analysis of bioactivities and chemical composition of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. using HPLC–DAD. Food chemistry, 186: 185-191.
Chase Jr, C.R. and Pratt, R. 1949. Fluorescence of powdered vegetable drugs with particular reference to development of a system of identification. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 38(6): 324-331.
Choubey, S., Varughese, L.R., Kumar, V. and Beniwal, V. 2015. Medicinal importance of gallic acid and its ester derivatives: a patent review. Pharmaceutical patent analyst, 4(4): 305-315.
Diallo, F., Etude phytochimique et activité antiradicalaire de trois plantes médicinales utilisées dans la prise en charge du fibrome utérin au Mali. 2020, USTTB.
El-Khateeb, A.Y., Elsherbiny, E.A., Tadros, L.K., Ali, S.M. and Hamed, H.B. 2013. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of fruit leaves extracts on the mycelial growth of fungal plant pathogens. Journal of Plant Pathology Microbiology, 4(9): 1-6.
Fatokun, O., Omorogbe, L., Adamu, A., Esievo, K. and Okhale, S. 2020. Pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation, HPLC analysis and antiproliferative properties of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics, 19(2): 410-428.
Fofie, Y., Coulibaly, K., Traore, K., Odoh, E., Zihiri, G. and Kone-Bamba, D. 2018. Pharmacognostic study of Ziziphus mauritiana LAM.(Rhamnaceae). International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 5(6): 354-359.
Goyal, M., Nagori, B.P. and Sasmal, D. 2012. Review on ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activity and phytochemical constituents of Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. jujuba Lam., non Mill). Spatula DD, 2(2): 107-16.
Gupta, M., Bhandari, A. and Singh, R.K. 2012. Pharmacognostical evaluations of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(3): 818.
Kitahara, T., Koyama, N., Matsuda, J., Aoyama, Y., Hirakata, Y., Kamihira, S., Kohno, S., Nakashima, M. and Sasaki, H. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of saturated fatty acids and fatty amines against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(9): 1321-1326.
Koomson, D.A., Kwakye, B.D., Darkwah, W.K., Odum, B., Asante, M. and Aidoo, G. 2018. Phytochemical constituents, total saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and vitamin C contents of ethanol extracts of five Solanum torvum fruits. Pharmacognosy Journal,10(5).
Mahomoodally, M.F. 2013. Traditional medicines in Africa: an appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013: 617459.
Marwat, S.K., Khan, M.A., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Rehman, F. and Sultana, S. 2009. Fruit plant species mentioned in the Holy Qura’n and Ahadith and their ethno medicinal importance. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 5(2): 284-295.
Nathiya, S., Santhi, N. and Kalaiselvi, S. 2012. A comparative study on ontogenic expression of antioxidants and secondary metabolites in Withania somnifera. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(1): 2010-2015.
Okhale, S.E., Buba, C.I., Oladosu, P., Egharevba, H.O., Ugbabe, G., Ibrahim, J.A. and Kunle, O.F. 2016. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) from Nigeria. Chemical Science International Journal, 13(5): 1-7.
Pandey, D., Joshi, A. and Hemalatha, S. 2015. Quality control standardization and In-Vitro antioxidant activity of Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum root. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7(1): 74-82.
Preeti, S. and Tripathi, S. 2014. A phytopharmacological review on “Ziziphus jujuba”. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmarcy and Life Science, 3(3): 959-966.
Rathore, S.K., Bhatt, S., Dhyani, S. and Jain, A. 2012. Preliminary phytochemical screening of medicinal plant Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. fruits. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3): 160-162.
Rivière, C., Pieters, L., Dejaegher, B., Vander Heyden, Y., Van, M.C. and Quetin-Leclercq, J. 2009. Polyphenols isolated from antiradical extracts of Mallotus metcalfianus. Phytochemistry, 70(1): 86-94.
Sameera, N. and Mandakini, B. 2015. Investigations into the antibacterial activity of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. and Ziziphus xylopyra (Retz.) Willd. International Food Research Journal, 22(2): 849.
WHO, World Health Organization on Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. 1998: World Health Organization.