Natural Ecosystems of Iran: 1 (1)

Open Access Article

1 - Analysis of civil liability of stakeholders in forestry projects in domestic laws and international documents
zeynab karimimanesh

Civil liability in the direction of forestry plans is one of the most important issues which has always been considered in the documents between the international and domestic law . the difference in the civil liability of stakeholders persons in the plan of forestry in More

Civil liability in the direction of forestry plans is one of the most important issues which has always been considered in the documents between the international and domestic law . the difference in the civil liability of stakeholders persons in the plan of forestry in domestic law and comparing them with international law is the difference in the principles and conditions of this kind of responsibility so that the basis of this kind of responsibility in the law of iran is more than jurisprudence and law . in the subjects of this kind of responsibility in iran 's law and the documents between the international , we can examine various regulations including legislation of iran in 1962 by ratifying laws of protection and protection of them . and in 1967 , by ratifying the laws of protection and exploitation of forestry and pastures , the government obliged to prepare forestry plans to protect and safeguard it . the international law on the international law is also referred to as the 1972 , rio 1992 , johannesburg 2002 . therefore , the purpose of the present study is to investigate the principles of civil liability of stakeholders persons in the civil law and the international documents . with we concluded that the civil liability of persons is different in the basis of international law and is common in the purpose and the works that protect the forests and compensation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Evaluation of the vulnerability of Chaloos areas based on passive defense principles
mahmod hosini Leila Ebrahimi jamnani

Evaluating the vulnerability of cities to wars and crises and devising appropriate solutions to reduce losses is essential. Therefore, this study seeks to assess and map the vulnerability of Chalus from a passive defense perspective. This study was a descriptive survey More

Evaluating the vulnerability of cities to wars and crises and devising appropriate solutions to reduce losses is essential. Therefore, this study seeks to assess and map the vulnerability of Chalus from a passive defense perspective. This study was a descriptive survey of purpose, field, field, nature, method and type of survey. It was initially collected through bibliographic and field studies and satellite imagery. After examining land uses in Chalus City, they were classified into 5 categories including critical arteries, crisis management centers, urban facilities, military facilities, and support centers. , Land uses were extracted on a case-by-case basis for the purpose of providing a spatial database. Each layer has a different effect on increasing or decreasing vulnerability due to the proximity of the adjacent spatial standard and their relative distance to critical and passive defense applications. For each layer relative to critical and sensitive applications in terms of passive defense, security is defined and so-called spatial distance maps are drawn. Finally, the vulnerability mapping of the area was prepared according to the passive defense principles.According to the obtained figure, Chalus city is divided into three zones that are similar in vulnerability to passive defense approach. The results of the study show that the central urban areas are the most vulnerable areas of the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Assessing the state of desertification in the Shahrbabak plain watershed using Medalus model and remote sensing data
mohammad ebrahim afifi vahid sohrabi

Research problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large More

Research problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the world and the country of Iran are dealing with this problem. The environment is facing. Dealing with the phenomenon of land destruction and desertification requires evaluating and monitoring the type and severity of land destruction, determining the causes of the destruction and taking the necessary measures to face the problem, as well as checking the accuracy of the said projects. The aim of desertification evaluation is Babak Shahr Plain. Remote sensing technology plays a very valuable role in the evaluation and monitoring of land degradation and desertification at local, regional and global scales and has led to the creation of a new approach in studies related to the evaluation and monitoring of desertification. Considering the importance of the destruction issue, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the desertification of the Shahrbabak watershed using remote sensing data and Medalus model. In the first step, based on the situation of the region, six parameters of climate, soil, vegetation, underground water and management and policy were considered to evaluate the level of destruction. The indicators were quantified based on their effect on the destruction process and each of them was given a score between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the fuzzy method and were studied in pixel scale. The obtained results indicate that 4% of the area is in the mild category, 10% of the area is in the moderate category, and 86% of the area is in the severe category of desertification. In terms of the area's sensitivity to destruction, 4% of the total area of the area is in the potential class, 22% in the fragile class A, 50% in the fragile class B, 20% in the fragile class C and 3% in the critical class; Therefore, about 92% of the area of the region is in the fragile layer. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing the urban context against the earthquakes (case study of the 5 nd area of Kerman city)
Maryam Nohe sara Malihe Zakeriyan Seyad Ali Almodaresi Mostafa Khabazi Mohamad Hosin Sarai

 Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is loc More

 Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is located on the northern edge of the Kerman Plain as a thrust subduction (graben) along with numerous faults on the border between the mountains and the plain and the areas near the city, some of which can cause earthquakes even stronger than 7. Richter. The worn-out urban texture has also added to it. Today, the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes has become an important issue for environmental risk experts. In this research, using ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified using SVM. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes and the kappa coefficient of 59% was identified in Kerman. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 45% of the worn tissue of the area. This identification showed that the support vector machine method could not work very well in identifying the area of five worn-out urban fabrics. As a result, the heritage of the area was identified with the control points in the worn-out fabric by field investigation and matching Google images. Due to the existence of many barren lands in this area and the spectral similarity of the barren land with worn-out texture, the support vector machine method could not provide proper identification. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Comparison of the Efficiency of Some Soil Infiltration Models Based on the Data Obtained from Double Rings in Different Land Uses (Case Study: Mikhsaz Watershed) (Case Study: Mikhsaz Watershed)
Raziyeh Kojouri mohammad reza javadi

The process of water infiltration into the soil plays a very important role in the water cycle in nature. The importance of this phenomenon has led many researchers to focus their studies in this regard. So that, they can estimate it by providing a suitable model. Since More

The process of water infiltration into the soil plays a very important role in the water cycle in nature. The importance of this phenomenon has led many researchers to focus their studies in this regard. So that, they can estimate it by providing a suitable model. Since, conducting infiltration studies in the field is costly and requires a lot of times, therefore, different models are used to estimate the amount of infiltration, and each of these models shows a good fit with experimental data in certain conditions. In the present research, At first, infiltration was measured using the method of double rings in forest, Rangeland and agricultural, land uses. Then, the data of infiltration values obtained from Kostiakov, Horton, Green-Ampt, American soil conservation service(SCS) and Phillip models were evaluated using Nash-Sutcliff adequacy index, explanation index and average error criterion in order to determine the most suitable infiltration estimation model. The results showed that in agricultural land use; American soil conservation service(SCS) model (with average R2=0.890, ME=1.8 and NSE=0.805), in rangeland use; American soil conservation service(SCS) model (with an average of R2=0.927, ME=0.837 and NSE=0.936) and in forest land use, the Philip model (with an average of R2=0.991, ME=0.946 and NSE =0.893) were introduced as the most suitable model in determining the estimation of Infiltration values. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Flood risk potential zoning in Lamard Energy Industries Special Economic Zone
Marzieh Mogholi

River flooding is one of the most important environmental hazards that can lead to damage and destruction. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flood site of the special economic zone of energy industries on Lamard using the HEC-RAS model and the geographi More

River flooding is one of the most important environmental hazards that can lead to damage and destruction. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flood site of the special economic zone of energy industries on Lamard using the HEC-RAS model and the geographic information system and prepare a digital map of the area to simulate the river and the TIN model of the river. By extracting the geometric characteristics of the river in the GIS environment, other necessary characteristics such as Manning's coefficient and design flood discharge are introduced to the HEC-RAS model for hydraulic simulation and flood zone determination. At this stage, by specifying the location of the transverse sections on the prepared plans, the water level for each transverse section is specified on the plan map, then according to the longitudinal slope of the river in each area and by interpolating the number between the two sections, The amount of water was transferred on the maps. Finally, according to the amount of water in the main level of the river, the flood zones for discharge with certain return periods were determined.. Considering the importance of the Manning coefficient in the hydraulic simulation of the flow The sensitivity of the model to this coefficient has been investigated for floods with different return periods (200, 50, 10 years). Based on the above information, the changes in average flow speed, average water depth and average width of the water surface for decreasing or increasing the initial Manning coefficient have been calculated in natural conditions. The results show that with a 20% decrease in the Manning coefficient, the flow speed for floods with The return period of 200, 50, and 10 years increases by about 2.3%, 2.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. . In relation to the changes in the width of the water level with a 20% increase in Manning's coefficient, these changes for floods with a return period of 200, 50, and 10 years are respectively 3.4, 3.6, 3.8. The percentage is increasing. Then, using the map of the flood zones, the flood control of the site of the special economic zone of energy industries was carried out on Lamard. The results of the present research will indicate the ability to integrate the spatial information system with the HEC-RAS hydrological model in simulating the change in the behavior of rivers in relation to the expansion of cities. Manuscript profile

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