Human & Environment: 1 (1)

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluating Different Aspects of Biogas Production in Anaerobic Digesters
mercede taheri nima karimi mostafa bigdeli

The key strategies to develop an alternative energy source instead of fossil fuels are outlined to compensate for current energy needs and to decrease environmental concerns such as high volume of waste pollution and global warming. So the economy and technologies large More

The key strategies to develop an alternative energy source instead of fossil fuels are outlined to compensate for current energy needs and to decrease environmental concerns such as high volume of waste pollution and global warming. So the economy and technologies largely depends on consistent renewable source with environmental criteria of biomass and actually biogas. Biogas technology is associated with certain limitations in addition to the many advantages. So that energy production is a difficult task without having stopping elements in which the alternative concepts is necessary to ensure sustainable development with accessible technologies. Further advances in technology led to renewed and deeper interest in biogas production, while it has great effects in reducing major economic problems in the world. The current review addresses the limiting factors and evaluation of recent technological advances associated with various aspects of biogas production such as the use of sustainable feedstocks, microbial and enzyme dynamics, optimization parameter and dissociation process to enhance this technology. Enzymatic bioassay and efficient microbial identification enables the energy of anaerobic digestion to be significantly enhanced. Therefore, optimization of different parameters to accelerate biogas production during anaerobic digestion has been preferred to pre- and post-anaerobic digestion. In spite of the development of multi-step digestion schemes in order to succeed in the separation process, further research is needed to achieve better system performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Green Supply Chain Management Business Strategy Selection Using Analytical Network Process
Sahar Sadat Ahmadinejad Mohammad Karimi Zarchi Mohammad Reza Fathi

In today's global business, competition is very intense between organizations and to impress clients, organizations need to put themselves in a better position than competitors. Environmentally friendly and compatible with environmental requirements are the way to disti More

In today's global business, competition is very intense between organizations and to impress clients, organizations need to put themselves in a better position than competitors. Environmentally friendly and compatible with environmental requirements are the way to distinguish from other competitors. If the competitors have benefited from the green supply chain management, the company will be under greater pressure to establish a green supply chain management. Customers also have an important role to deploy. Thus, strategic management, green supply chain is requirement for success in today's competitive market and should be considered seriously.  The aim of this study was to identify and rank the green supply chain management strategies using ANP method. Numbers of criteria identified in this study are 14 criteria in four categories: green design, green shopping, green manufacturing and marketing. The results showed that among the four risk-based strategies, efficiency-oriented, innovation-driven closed loop, efficiency-oriented strategy is the optimal strategy. In addition, the standard of green design has the highest priority. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Interactions of Tehran Urban Management Indices and Environmental Performance Indices (EPI)
hanie gharehbakhsh masoumeh mollaei lobat taghavi

Environmental performance indicators (EPIs) have received much attention in recent years. Despite significant environmental action and in line with international community, the decline of Iran's 22 steps in the ranking of the EPI biennial reports between 2014 and 2016 h More

Environmental performance indicators (EPIs) have received much attention in recent years. Despite significant environmental action and in line with international community, the decline of Iran's 22 steps in the ranking of the EPI biennial reports between 2014 and 2016 has been a major issue. Considering the role of urban management in metropolises as an important executive arm in the field of environment and sustainable development in the country, this review study aimed to investigate the environmental issues of urban management and present its status in 22 districts of Tehran. The 12 indices studied, including air pollution, noise pollution, water quality and quantity, etc . Along with the analysis of the results of the studies, the main causes of Iran's decline in the global ranking of EPI indices are further investigated. According to the results of the present study, environmental management, climatic and geographical conditions, non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations and differences in urban capacity and structure of Tehran municipality areas have led to urban management fluctuations in Tehran metropolitan environment. Is. Given the overlap of Tehran's environmental management indicators with the global indicators in EPI, it can be concluded that if the long-term goals in urban management are met, considering these three factors and regularly publishing the country's environmental activities report to international communities can be concluded. It is very important to promote Iran's 155th position on environmental performance indicators. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Effect of Electricity Transmission Lines on Urban and Human Environment
Malihe Amini

Today, the electricity industry and its use are an integral part of life, so even a single minute of electricity can cause billions of losses. If electricity had not been discovered so far, human beings would never have reached such levels of prosperity and still have t More

Today, the electricity industry and its use are an integral part of life, so even a single minute of electricity can cause billions of losses. If electricity had not been discovered so far, human beings would never have reached such levels of prosperity and still have to use carts and horses. This paper examines the characteristics of urban environments and the effects of electricity transmission lines on the environment and humans. In addition to all the benefits that the electricity industry has, it will also have potentially harmful effects on humans and the environment, making people exposed to power lines more likely to develop cancers than others. Considering human progress, solutions to this problem can be found, for example, the transmission of electricity from underground lines, which have a detrimental effect on both the physical and environmental health of the airline Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Optimizing Fertilizer Application in Relation to Soil Nutrients Analysis Sustaining Environment; Case Study corn Farms of Kuzaran, Kermanshah Province, Iran
Mosayeb Heshmati Parastoo Ghuchi Nasrin Karami

Corn (maize) is cultivated in several parts of irrigation lands of Iran and over application of chemical fertilizers causing environmental and human health impacts. However, soil nutrients available analysis can be improved with optimal chemical fertilizer consumption i More

Corn (maize) is cultivated in several parts of irrigation lands of Iran and over application of chemical fertilizers causing environmental and human health impacts. However, soil nutrients available analysis can be improved with optimal chemical fertilizer consumption in these farms. The objective of this research was to evaluate soil nutrients content and appropriate fertilizers application in the corn farms which was conducted in Kuzaran, west Kermanshah, Iran. Soil sampling carried out from 0-30 soil depth and subjected to soil organic carbon (SOC) content as well as availability of N, P, K, Mn, Fe and Zn analysis. The results showed that the mean SOC was low (1.23%) and significantly (p<0.05) correlated to all measured soil nutrients. The respective average level of N, P, K, Mn, Fe and Zn was 0.121, 17.00, 381, 9.71, 12.41 and0.86 mg-1 kg. The recommended consumption rates included triple super phosphate, potassium sulfate and iron, hence; these rates were not correlated with P, K and F available in the soil. Furthermore, recommended potassium sulfate input was 134 kg/ha, while soil K available was sufficient for corn crop. In contrasts, the recommended levels of Urea (418 kg/ha), manganese sulfate (32.4 kg/ha) and Zinc sulfate (54.3 kg/ha) were significantly correlated with soil N, Mn and Zn content. Thus, recommended chemical fertilizers application was not sufficiently accurate and did not follow by soil nutrients content.  For sustaining environment and human health, the consumption of chemical fertilizer particularly in corn farms should be recommended based on soil nutrient analysis and crop needs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Mapping Features of Surface and Depth, Soil Profiles by Using Geostatistical Techniques in Part of Qazvin Plain
abbas taati Fereydoon Sarmadian hamidreza Motaghian Seyed rohollah mousavi

Understanding the spatial variability of soil surface and depth features and capabilities in order to obtain detailed information about land and using them to the best and the most profitable type of productivity is essential in sustainable management of soil resources. More

Understanding the spatial variability of soil surface and depth features and capabilities in order to obtain detailed information about land and using them to the best and the most profitable type of productivity is essential in sustainable management of soil resources. This study aimed on geostatistical mapping of some surface and depth features of soil profiles in 17,000 hectares of the plain of Qazvin. For this purpose, regular grid sampling pattern, with intervals 1300 × 1300 was selected. After drilling 61 profiles, the soil sampling were taken from soil horizons. Features of ECs, pH, clay, silt and sand percentage of    0-30 and 0-100 cm was calculated as an average weight in the depths. In the depths of the soil profiles, electrical conductivity and pH were the highest and the lowest coefficient of variation. Spatial variability characteristics by using vario-gram and the nugget Effect variance to sill was studied and for mapping features of Kriging was used in ArcGIS 10 software. The results showed in the both depths that exponential was the best model for silt and pH characteristics and for the EC, clay and silt Gaussian model was the best. Class properties have been studied for moderate to strong spatial dependence is the spatial dependence for all features of more than 1430 meters respectively. Maps of kriging demonstrated that the distribution of large amounts of soil in the area is that because of the extensive changes to the sheer size of the region can, in different soil management conditions, among them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Klebsiella Pneumoniae from Patients in Qaem Teaching Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Ali Shamsazar Arshid Yousefi-Avarvand Farzad Khademi

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile and capsular gram-negative bacillus. It is one of the most important human pathogens and is an important factor in causing nosocomial infections. The bacterium is inherently resistant to a number of antimicrobial agen More

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile and capsular gram-negative bacillus. It is one of the most important human pathogens and is an important factor in causing nosocomial infections. The bacterium is inherently resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients referred to Ghaem hospital in Mashhad. A total of 274 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected from April to October 2013 from Qaem teaching hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Identification of these isolates was performed using microbiological methods such as hot staining and differential media. Modified disk diffusion method (MDDM) was used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotics amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ciprofloxazine, imipenem, and nitrofurantoin. In this study 175 isolates (87.63%) were from urine sample and 99 isolates (13.36%) were from different samples (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, ulcer, ascites, and secretions). Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin antibiotics were 71.46%, 9.56%, 3.39% and 30%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to different antibiotics is higher than previous studies. Further studies in this area could help guide us to better understand the antibiotic resistance of these infectious bacteria. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Survey of Influential Factors Implementations Green Space and Strategic Approach to Urban development in the city of Shiraz (Case Study District Municipality)
Soleiman Mohamadidoost Mohammad Ali Khanizadeh Maliheh Keshavarz

It may be arguably the most important issue in urban development plans, and especially in the realization of the issue of realization for the benefit of the public and all stakeholders in the field of urban planning. Therefore, the process of preparation, approval and i More

It may be arguably the most important issue in urban development plans, and especially in the realization of the issue of realization for the benefit of the public and all stakeholders in the field of urban planning. Therefore, the process of preparation, approval and implementation of these plans must be such that while utilizing and utilizing all the potentials, capacities of the city's residents in the process of preparation and approval, they are also implemented in accordance with the wishes and needs of citizens in accordance with the principles and laws of urban planning and It should be an architecture that in practice has the most potential for implementation and realization. One of the most important uses and needs of citizens is urban green spaces, which unfortunately have the least feasibility due to the economist-oriented view of This research tries to examine the most important after reviewing the literature of the issue and expressing the importance and position of green space in the life of citizens and the concepts of urban development strategy as one of the newest approaches to the more realization of urban development plans and programs in district one of Shiraz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is applied and after trying to study the per capita and existing levels of green space, changing the use of green space to other profit-oriented applications, reviewing Article 5 Commission files, obtaining opinions, it has to do with the authorities and the urban elite. Surveys show that unfortunately, due to lack of recognition and respect for the public and green spaces at the stage of preparation and approval of plans, especially regarding their potential ownership, lack of social conflicts, lack of attention to peripheral uses, etc. .., the uncertainty of the location and necessity of this landfill for the citizens and most importantly the lack of sufficient and sustainable municipal financial resources to maintain the landfill will lead to a change in the use of these spaces and their non-realization and ultimately their per capita decline. To citizens over time, the most important suggestion for reducing and resolving this problem can be to move towards public awareness among all the influential and empowering components of local government, especially in the field of sustainable financing. Manuscript profile

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