List of Articles writing requirements

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  1 - Legal analysis of how to realize the written function of paper transport documents in electronic transport documents with a look at jurisprudence
  Majid Reza Arab Ahmadi
  10.3495/jiil.2022.1944897.1610
  AbstractIn today's world, legal rules can be effective if they can provide the legal framework needed to keep up with new developments in international trade. Given the spread of the Internet and the use of cyberspace to conduct more transactions in domestic trade and c More

  AbstractIn today's world, legal rules can be effective if they can provide the legal framework needed to keep up with new developments in international trade. Given the spread of the Internet and the use of cyberspace to conduct more transactions in domestic trade and commerce Internationally, we will have to use cyberspace and the Internet. In this direction, attention to e-commerce in the field of electronic transport has a special place. In order to replace electronic transport documents with paper documents, one of the most important problems facing legislators in the traditional form is the realization of documents in written form. According to this requirement, legal acts must be in writing in order to be legally valid. The material presented in this study shows that the external embodiment of legal acts in the form of written documents is not relevant in jurisprudence and in the new legislation, they have tended to validate electronic transport documents such as paper documents. Iranian law, with conditions for the data of messages, has considered for them a functional effect equal to paper documents. Manuscript profile
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  2 - EFL writing skill requirements and challenges: Teachers and learners perceptions in focus
  Esmaiel Kaboli Boroujeni
  Although there have been many studies concentrating on writing development and techniques to improve it, there still remains the need to investigate more and give extra insight to the EFL language learners and teachers on these issues. Using a grounded model of research More

  Although there have been many studies concentrating on writing development and techniques to improve it, there still remains the need to investigate more and give extra insight to the EFL language learners and teachers on these issues. Using a grounded model of research, the researchers performed an investigation to examine the various aspects concerning writing challenges, and requirements to improve it. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with an aim to achieve a thorough understanding of the topic by recruiting 25 male and female experienced EFL teachers along with 25 male and female intermediate EFL learners from language institutes in Tehran as the participants of the study through purposeful sampling technique. Then, 5 distinctive questions were chosen for the teachers and another set of 5 different questions for the learners to elicit their perceptions. After gathering the data and identifying the initial codes, the sub-categories emerged and helped the researcher to form the final model. Among the categories, writing strategies like collaborative and game-based, requirements like background, vocabulary, and grammatical knowledge were found to be essential. Based on the findings, a model was developed which is believed to support EFL learners in improving their writing proficiency. Manuscript profile