List of Articles socio-economic changes

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  1 - Taxes and Expenditures of Provinces under the Qajars: Revenue and Expenditure Instruction of Bastām - Shāhrūd Region, 1877-1878
  محمد علی کاظم بیگی سید مصطفی حسینی
  Under the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenuean More

  Under the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenueand expenditures of the region in 1877-1878. This work shows thatalong with developments in the local economy (trade and agriculture),while income of the central government was growing, the peasantrywere subject to more tax burden on the one hand, on the other handnothing of the increased revenue reached the treasuray, as localexpenditure exceeded the income. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Socio-economic Changes and Rural Challenges (Case: Fomanat, Guilan)
  حسن Afrakhteh
  Socio-economic changes have important effects in rural regions and life. These effectsdiffer per environmental characteristics, economic systems and social institutes and insome instances, they play positive roles in rural life while in other times, they serve assource More

  Socio-economic changes have important effects in rural regions and life. These effectsdiffer per environmental characteristics, economic systems and social institutes and insome instances, they play positive roles in rural life while in other times, they serve assource of challenges and contradictions in rural areas.This paper discusses challe--nges, which have appeared in Fomanat rural area in WestGuilan as consequences of socio-economic changes of the region.The data of research has been collected through literature review and field studies. Thecollected data have been analyzed based on "principal component /factor analysis "and has computed the degree of facilities of different villages.The results show that recent socio-economic changes have exposed villages to challengesand conflicts. In conclusion, challenges have been analyzed; accordingly. Manuscript profile