List of Articles Water Salinity

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Modeling Desalination of Brackish Water with the Electrodialysis Method, Using the Design of Experiments and the GMDH neural Network
  Maryam Sharafi Mahmood Akbari
  10.30495/wsrcj.2022.20322
  Background and Aim: Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water More

  Background and Aim: Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water and is becoming a solution for water scarcity all over the worldworldwide. Modeling methods allow provide the study of desalination of saline and brackish water by the Electro Dialysisdialysis, as well as predicting the behaviors and process patterns of these systems.  The purpose of this study is to model the Electrodialysis process by Design of Experiments and to evaluateing the GMDH neural network method in estimating the separation percentage and the output flux of the brackish water Electrodialysis cell.Method: The volumetric flow values in six levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL min-1), solute concentration in three levels (200, 500, and 1000 mg L-1), temperature in three levels (50 , 60, and 70°C), voltage at three levels (10, 20, and 30 V) and pressure at three levels (200, 400, and 800 Pa) were extracted. In order to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells, The full factorial design and the GMDH neural network were are used to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells. In modeling the output of the Electrodialysis cell output using the GMDH neural network, after determining the input variables, randomization, normalization and segmentation of input and output variables were performeddone. For modeling, 90% of the data (437 samples) were randomly assigned for training and 10% of the data (49 samples) were are used for validation. On the other hand, due to having specific levels for each of the inputs, it was possible to use a Full Factorial experimental design.Results: The linear results of statistical regression analysis table results showeshowd that there is a significant difference between all simple and interaction effects of the treatments for the response variable of separation percentage and flux at the one percent level. With decreasing volume flow and solute concentration, and increasing temperature, voltage, and pressure, the separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increase. The results of modeling with the GMDH neural network showed demonstrates that in the training step, the prediction accuracy of separation percentage (R2=0.90, MBE=-0.16 and RMSE=7.48) and flux (R2=0.79, MBE =0.001 and RMSE=0.08).  The These criteria same values in the testing step were are 0.85, -3, and 9.37 for separation percentage and 0.78, -0.008, and 0.07 for flux. Correlation of target and output data, proximity of target and output values to y = x diagram, low transgression of error values from zero value and proximity of error distribution (histogram) to normal distribution were obtained. Conclusion: After determining the significant differences of all simple and interaction effects of treatments for response variables, the means were compared. It is ideal to Hhaveing more separation percentage and output flux response variables was ideal. Therefore, the results of comparing the means showed illustrate that the best volumetric flow level equal to 1 ml / min, input flow concentration of 200 mg / l, temperature of 70 ° C, input voltage of 30 volts and pressure of 800 Pascals, lead to the highest separation percentage and output flux. In addition, with decreasing volumetric flow,  and decreasing solute concentration, and increasing temperature, increasing voltage and increasing pressure, separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increaserise. Also, according to the statistical indicators for the whole data, appropriate correlation, slightly underestimation, and small error were are obtained. ThereforeThus, using the Design of Experiments and GMDH neural network has suitable accuracy for modeling desalination of brackish water using the Electrodialysis process. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - Assessing the Relationship between the Shadgan Wetland Fluctuation levels and Water EC in Time Duration, Using Satellite Images and Geostatistical Methods
  Bahman Yargholi Yasaman Samaei
  Introduction: Wetlands are highly beneficial to human societies due to their positive environmental functions, direct and indirect functions, as well as their value as an asset. It has led to an increase in the attention given to their restoration and maintenance in dif More

  Introduction: Wetlands are highly beneficial to human societies due to their positive environmental functions, direct and indirect functions, as well as their value as an asset. It has led to an increase in the attention given to their restoration and maintenance in different societies. Shadgan Wetland contains fresh-salty, and brackish water, and approximately 900 million cubic meters of Jarahi water resources enter Shadgean every year. The wetland is at risk of serious harm as a result of the developmental activities occurring around it, which are causing pollutants to enter the wetland and reducing the quantity of fresh water coming in. A number of factors contribute to the destruction of this wetland, including over-exploitation from its water resources, the discharge of urban waste within its limits, the fragmentation of the wetland as a result of road construction, the construction of stations to increase the pressure on electricity, gas and oil pipelines, as well as effluents from industries such as bread making, alcohol production, sugarcane cultivation and industry. The economic value of wetlands and climate regulation, flood prevention, protection of plant and animal diversity, beauty and inherent visual attractions of wetlands, tourist attractions, as well as creating an opportunity for migratory birds to nest and a place for scientific research are among the most important considerations in the design of a wetlands. The development of water resources schemes and the regulation of river flows are often recognized as the most serious threats to the ecological sustainability of rivers and wetlands. Method: This study attempts to determine the change in water salinity of Shadegan wetland in the last five decades using the electrical conductivity index due to the importance of Shadegan wetland in various ways. Finally, a relationship has been established between the area and the salinity of this significant wetland. Also, by using electrical conductivity data from 23 stations in the lagoon and with the help of satellite images and remote sensing techniques and interpolation methods (IDW), the changes of this index in the mentioned period were investigated, leading to a mathematical relationship. Results and Discussion: According to the research results, upstream human activities, especially dam constructions and agricultural development projects, have had a great impact on the quantity and quality of the wetland. With climate change and drought, these effects have intensified, resulting in a reduction of the wetland level as well as an increase in the salinity of the wetland water. These changes can be observed both in terms of their temporal and spatial dimensions. Consequently, the results show the trend of increasing salinity from the southern parts to the north and also the greater manifestation of the increase in salinity in the southern parts due to the decrease in the incoming fresh water flow (more than twice). According to the results, there are three salinity levels in the wetland: saline, brackish water, and super salinity, and a salinity increase is observed in all three zones The present results and equations are used as an achievement by water and environment managers and they can estimate the EC of water in key and indicator stations and finally at the level of the wetland by measuring the size of the wetland using different technologies. So over time, the levels and zones of saline and super salinity have expanded, and the levels of brackish water have decreased. It is expected that this process will continue over time, resulting in the sea salt water advancing towards the wetland and increasing the amount of salinity within it. Conclusions: According to this study, based on the relationship between salinity and the level of the wetland, as well as the water area of the wetland, it is possible to estimate its salinity in three zones. By measuring the salinity of water at several key stations within each of the three zones, the wetland's water level can be estimated. In monitoring, managing, and qualitatively protecting the wetland and consequently its species, this equation and its relationships can play an important role. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - Effect of deficit irrigation and water salinity on soil salinity distribution and date plants vegetative growth
  Majid Alihouri Abd Ali Naseri Saeed Boroomand-Nasab Alireza Kiani
  Deficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for inves More

  Deficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for investigation of deficit irrigation and water salinity effects on Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth. The treatments were three irrigation depths of 100%, 85% and 70% water requirement and three irrigation water salinities of 2.3, 8 and 12 dS/m. The plant water requirement was determined based on soil moisture deficiency. Soil salinity was measured with sampling from soil different depths. The results showed soil salinity had a direct and significant connection with irrigation water salinity. The soil salinity in irrigation water salinity of 12 dS/m was 1.73–1.84 times greater than water salinity of 2.3 dS/m. The soil salinity was reduced with increasing soil depth. The irrigation depth had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaflet number, while irrigation water salinity had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaflet number and truck perimeter. Interaction of irrigation depth and irrigation water salinity had significantly effects on all vegetative characteristics except leaf chlorophyll and leaflet width. Increasing growth characteristics of I1S1 treatment were 1.3-3.6 times greater than I3S3 treatment. The highest Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth obtained from I1S1 treatment that was on significant with I2S1 treatment. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - Temporal and spatial variability of groundwater salinity in Urmia plain
  Reza Sokouti Oskoee
  The intensify process of lowering Urmia lake level has led to reduce water quality, making it brackish and unusable in wells of Lake Marginal Lands. The present study investigated changes in groundwater salinity in Urmia plain using geostatistical models, and More

  The intensify process of lowering Urmia lake level has led to reduce water quality, making it brackish and unusable in wells of Lake Marginal Lands. The present study investigated changes in groundwater salinity in Urmia plain using geostatistical models, and compares the results of the mapping in three time periods. To assess salinity of the groundwater, data from 57 wells in the period of 1380, 1384 and 1387 were analyzed, using Kriging in GIS, GS+ and ARCVIEW8 softwares. The results indicated that application of Kriging, experimental semi-variogram with spherical model provided better predictions with correlation coefficient of 0.99. According to the obtained groundwater salinity maps, land area with more than 2 dS/m groundwater salinity in 1380 was equal to 1924 hectares that has increased to 8331 hectares in 1387. During these years, in the study area the groundwater salinity with less than 1 dS/m was decreased about 14675 hectares. The observed maximum salinity value in 1380 has increased from 1.91 to 5.8 dS/m in 1387. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  5 - Estimation of Shadow Price and External Cost of Groundwater Salinity in Agricultural Sector
  Fatemeh Abolghasemi Hamed Najafi Alamdarlo Seyed Abolghasem Mortazavi
  10.22034/jest.2019.44167.4654
  Background and Objective: The use of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes has led to an excessive withdrawal of aquifers and a reduction in groundwater levels in Iran. This issue has increased the salinity and has seriously threatened the agricultural product More

  Background and Objective: The use of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes has led to an excessive withdrawal of aquifers and a reduction in groundwater levels in Iran. This issue has increased the salinity and has seriously threatened the agricultural production farms. Therefore, it is important to measure the cost of pollution caused by the production of different products and determine their shadow value. For this purpose, the shadow price of groundwater salinity in different provinces has been estimated during the period of 1964-1999. Method: In this study, directional output distance function in the quadratic form was used to determine the environmental efficiency and shadow price of groundwater salinity. Findings: The technical inefficiency and shadow value of salinity of the provinces was estimated in the agricultural activity. The results show that the provinces of the country have different conditions in terms of technical inefficiency. The average value of the directional output distance function of Iran is 0.228. Also, the average shadow value of salinity in the groundwater of Iran is 0.278 billion Rials per μS⁄cm. Discussion and Conclusion: It is suggested that policies should be developed to control the salinity of groundwater, taking into account the characteristics of each region, and priority should be given to provinces with less shadow prices. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  6 - تأثیر چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه‌پذیری in situ شکمبه‌ای یونجه
  م. قدمی ا. تیموری یانسری ی. چاشنی‌دل
  هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و ماده خشک (DM) in situ، پروتئین خام (CP) و تجزیه‌پذیری الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) یونجه بود. سه گوسفند زل فیستوله شده (تقریباً 2 ساله) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی برای ارزیابی تجزیه‌پذیری in siut More

  هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و ماده خشک (DM) in situ، پروتئین خام (CP) و تجزیه‌پذیری الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) یونجه بود. سه گوسفند زل فیستوله شده (تقریباً 2 ساله) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی برای ارزیابی تجزیه‌پذیری in siut شکمبه‌ای استفاده شدند. زمان‌های انکوباسیون شکمبه‌ای ساعت‌های 0، 3، 6، 9، 12، 24، 48 و 72 را شامل شد. نتایج نشان دادند که افزایش بلوغ چین و آبیاری با آب شور به ‌طور معنی‌داری باعث افزایش اجزاء دیواره سلولی (011/0P=) و کاهش غلظت‌های پروتئین در یونجه (0001/0P=) می‌شود. به استثنای سرعت تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای DM که در چین اول یونجه بالا بود، پارامترهای دیگر تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای DM معنی‌دار نبودند. تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای NDF در دومین چین یونجه، که با آب شور آبیاری شده بود، بالاتر بود (0143/0P=). نرخ تجزیه‌پذیری NDF در چین اول یونجه، و تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای مؤثر NDF در نرخ عبور متفاوت در یونجه‌ای که با آب شور آبیاری شده بود بالاتر بودند. تجزیه‌پذیری آهسته شکمبه‌ای CP (001/0P=) و تجزیه‌پذیری مؤثر در نرخ عبور متفاوت یونجه، که با آب شور آبیاری شده، بالاتر بود. چین روی تجزیه‌پذیری CP یونجه اثر نداشت. آزمایش ما نشان می‌دهد که افزایش شوری آب اثر منفی روی کیفیت علوفه یونجه نداشت. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  7 - Culculation of uncommon water volume in aquifer of Shiramin plain and the ways of decreases
  Fatemeh Jafarzadeh Aziz Alinejad Morteza Allaf-Najib
  Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  8 - Effects of salinity stress on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of different canola cultivars
  kami kaboosi اکبر نودهی ابوالفضل فرجی
  Salinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of More

  Salinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of four canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Hyola 4815, 308 and 401 and RGS 003) under application of 10 Ton.ha-1 vermicompost in 2014-15 in Gorgan region, Iran. The experiment was conducted as factorial arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The results showed that the all traits, except days to seed emergence and pod length were significantly affected by cultivar. The Hyola 4815 cultivar had the lowest total plant height, height of first pod and branch from ground, stem diameter and seeds per pod with a significant difference with other cultivars. The lowest number of branches and highest days to flowering and maturity and stem diameter were obtained from RGS cultivar with a significant difference with the other cultivars. The Hyola 308 and 4815 cultivars with the highest number of pods per plant were significantly different with Hyola 401 and RGS cultivars. The highest 1000- seed weight was found in Hyola 4815 and 401 with a significant difference with the other cultivars. Hyola 308 and 401 cultivars had the highest seed yield and their differences were significant with RGS cultivar. However, seed yield differences of these three cultivars were not significant with Hyola 4815 cultivar. .... Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  9 - Agroclimatological zoning of Hormozgan province for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation
  Gh. Beigipour F. Abdolahi E. Shakerizadeh
  Agroclimatology is among the methods having been in use in the last three decades for areas that have similar climate properties. By adhering to an awareness of climate properties, we will be able to not only manage agricultural affairs properly but also to reduce the f More

  Agroclimatology is among the methods having been in use in the last three decades for areas that have similar climate properties. By adhering to an awareness of climate properties, we will be able to not only manage agricultural affairs properly but also to reduce the farmers’ concerns in croping with climate change. This paper deals with soil structure arrangements in tomato planting in Hormozgan province, Iran. According to topographical and soil maps, more than 74 percent of the province consists of mountain areas with scant shallow soil or otherwise low quality soil for agriculture. The rest (i.e. nearly 26 percent) in the province has the potential for various products. At the first stage, the areas having the potential for agriculture were identified by eliminating unsuitable areas. At the next stage, agroclimatology for planting tomato in suitable areas was carried out according to the following elements: The product’s needs including climate, water quality, and suitable soil. It was done with the aid of climate data, statistics in meteorology, descriptive-explanatory reports, topographical maps with the scale of 1:2350000, and Ilwis and ArcGIS software. With combining different maps, suitable areas for planting the product were indentified. It was also revealed that among the areas used for agriculture, 78.5 percent (20.41 percent of the whole province) are suited and highly suited to tomato agriculture. However, 21.5 percent are not suited to planting tomato. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  10 - The effect of water salinity on some growth parameters of four grasses in Sistan region
  Ramin Babadaei Samani mahdie salari
  Today, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included More

  Today, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included four type of lawn, namely: Poa pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra with different levels of sodium chloride (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent equal to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25 dS/m). The results showed that all plant growth indices (shoot fresh and dry weight. stem height, tiller number and root length and weight) were decreased by increasing salt concentration. In this case, plants had the lowest growth at 2% salinity. Salinity had minimal effect up to 0.5 % and in most cases, there was no significant difference compared with the control plants. But from 1% of salinity and above all indices were affected by salinity stress and were significantly decreased compared with 0%. In most cases, Poa and Lolium growth parameters were not significant and almost had the same growth. In all cases Cynodon had the highest growth parameters. In addition, it significantly differed from three other genera. Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that Cynodon had greater growth parameters rate than the other three lawns in all salinity levels. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  11 - Effect of Different Salinity Levels of Drinking Water on Rumen Degradation Kinetics of Barley Grain in Iranian Native Sheep
  Mir ali Pishdadi motlagh Ramin SalamatDoust-Nobar Naser Maheri-Sis Amir-Reza Safaei Abolfazl Aghajanzadeh-Golshani
  10.22034/ascij.2023.1961495.1398
  This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salinity levels of drinking water on the ruminal degradability of barley grain using the nylon bags technique in Iranian Shal sheep. Ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of barley More

  This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salinity levels of drinking water on the ruminal degradability of barley grain using the nylon bags technique in Iranian Shal sheep. Ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of barley grain were determined by nylon bags method using eight rumen cannulated rams that received different levels of saline water including control group (480), 4000, 8000, and 12000 mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). There was a significant difference between experimental treatments in terms of the degradability of DM and CP in all incubation times except the initial time. In the final incubation time, the ruminal degradability of the DM and CP of barley grain were higher in saline water received treatments than the control group. There was a significant difference between the effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP in the experimental treatments. So, the effective degradability of DM and CP of barley grain often increased with increasing salinity. The quickly degradable protein (QDP) fraction was not affected by experimental treatments but the slowly degradable (SDP) protein fraction increased significantly at the maintenance level of nutrition (2%/h); the highest level of SDP was obtained in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. From the viewpoint of metabolizable protein (MP), there was a significant difference between experimental treatments at the maintenance level of nutrition. The lowest MP was observed in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. In overall conclusion, saline water consumption in the experimental animals seems to affect the ruminal degradability of barley grain and leads to an increase in the effective degradability of DM and CP and a decrease in the amount of MP at the maintenance level.. Manuscript profile