The present study is a descriptive-analytical study aimed at mapping probable states in the future of the banking system of Iran. In the process of doing this research, at first, eight main actors, including government, parliament, judiciary, central bank, governmental More
The present study is a descriptive-analytical study aimed at mapping probable states in the future of the banking system of Iran. In the process of doing this research, at first, eight main actors, including government, parliament, judiciary, central bank, governmental banks, private banks, microcredit customers and large-scale customers of banks, were interviewed. There were two influential actors in creating the future scenarios of the banking system (government and large-scale customers of banks i.e. financial resources applicants). The major options for each decision to create the future were examined. Thereafter, possible options and priorities were determined. At the end, the stability of probable situations were analyzed and different policies for each of the situations were proposed.
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Background and Objective: Industrial-economic development in developing countries has created a double need for greater access to energy carriers compared to developed countries. In addition, improving living standards in developing societies in recent decades has led t More
Background and Objective: Industrial-economic development in developing countries has created a double need for greater access to energy carriers compared to developed countries. In addition, improving living standards in developing societies in recent decades has led to an increase in the demand for energy carriers for access to greater facilities and amenities. In this study, the effect of applying different policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and energy savings in Iranian industries has been investigated and evaluated by the energy planning model.
Material and Methodology: First the input values of various energy sources such as gas, electricity and fossil fuels in the industrial production process were investigated. Then, the factors affecting the production of greenhouse gases in industries were identified, then the past trend and the current state of Iranian industries and government policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as well as the development of new energy efficiency technologies in industry were used to estimate energy demand. In line with this goal, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in a baseline scenario in accordance with the continuation of the current trend (BAU) in current industries and also to determine the current and future demand of Iranian industries during the years 2019 to 2035 has been studied.
Findings: four alternative scenarios of energy saving technologies and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions were considered, including industry development and capacity building, possible increase in fuel and electricity prices, implementation of fuel consumption standards, and use of CHP technologies for a period of 15 years. Therefore, the combined implementation of these two policies will lead to a reduction of 8 million tons of emissions (equivalent to a 13% reduction in emissions) equivalent to total CO2.
Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the total CO2 emissions equivalent to the industry will increase from 61 million tons in the baseline scenario to 53 million tons in the 2035 emission reduction scenario. However, due to the implementation of the fuel change policy, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions has been reduced to 58 million tons (equivalent to 4.9% reduction) and also the implementation of energy efficiency policy has led to the emission of 55 million tons (equivalent to 9.8% reduction) equivalent CO2 will run until 2035.
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Financial networks are potential channels for the propagation of crises shocks which are considered as the main factor for systematic stability. The term stress test refers to different techniques and methods used to assess the impact of events or combinations of events More
Financial networks are potential channels for the propagation of crises shocks which are considered as the main factor for systematic stability. The term stress test refers to different techniques and methods used to assess the impact of events or combinations of events, which may occur normally for business units. The methodology of this research is based on historical cognitive method through library method and aimed at knowledge development using scientific resources such as books and articles. In this study, after a short review on the application of stress tests in different researches, we will study the different aspects of the application of stress tests, then we deal with the steps to apply stress tests in risk management using different charts and diagrams. Then we will introduce variety of different methods to run stress tests and will explain the advantages and disadvantages of stress tests, and finally we will offer some recommendations regarding the implementation of this method.
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Abstract: Interactions and relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers are affecting the regional development and themselves. These interactions are important and one can predict the future trend of these foreign policy directions and formulate desira More
Abstract: Interactions and relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers are affecting the regional development and themselves. These interactions are important and one can predict the future trend of these foreign policy directions and formulate desirable and timely policies and make appropriate decisions. The present paper wants to use a combination of methodology of scenario writing of James Dytor and second step analysis to predict the trend, events and future scenario of Iran and Saudi Arabia relations in order to have a better planning and policy making. The main question raised by the paper is "what are the future scenario of coming decade of Iran and Saudi Arabia relations?" By understanding the events and the driving force which strengthen the relations and obstacles which impedes the relations one comes to the conclusion that the scenario of straining relations is more probable and the scenario of cooperation is having list possibility. Besides that the scenario of breaking our war or conflict is also probable depending on factors which strengthen the driving force. Therefore, taking into consideration the above scenarios it is necessary that the political leaders in their strategic planning adopt the pattern of cooperation and constructive interaction. They should strengthen the cultural and ideological drivers and encourage the regional countries to further cooperation scenario.
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