• List of Articles Rasulids

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Yemen Trade in the Rasulids Era (626-858 A.H.)
        Ebrahim Mohammadi Hadi Alemzadeh
        Yemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships bet More
        Yemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships between Yemen and different areas such as India, Egypt and Hijaz was developed and so the merchants carried the goods and products via sea routes from Yemen to Indian and Egyptian ports; and in return, importing different goods to Yemen. In addition, Yemen had also the commercial relationship with internal areas of Arabian Peninsula, especially Hijaz, by land and sea. The present article is an attempt to consider the causes of commercial development of Yemen in the Rasulids era. This study shows that in this period, Yemen was different from its prior time .It was due to the dominance of Mongols over the far East to Baghdad, that makes the commercial roads insecure and so the red sea became an alternative and safe route. It should be noticed that the role of Karemi merchants who had a disposal trade between Mediterranean sea and Indian Ocean coastlines to china via the Red sea was also developed the trade activities in Yemen. References Abū Makhrama, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ṭayyib, Tārīkh-i Thaghr Adan wa Tarādjum Ulamā- hā, Revised by Orvar Löfgren, Leiden, 1936/ 1314. Badkoobeh, Ahmad & Tajbakhsh, Ghadariyeh, “Rawābiṭ Bāzargānī-yi Ārāgūn wa Ḳashtāla bā Baybars wa Taḥrīm-i Iḳtiṣādī-yi Miṣr”, Journal of History & Civiliazation of Islamic Nation, No. 10, 1388/ 2009. Bakri, Abdallāh b. ʿAbd al ʿAzīz, al- Masālik  wal- mamālik, Revised by Van Leeuwen, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, Beirut, 1992 AD/ 1412 AH. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Silsila- hā-yi Islāmī(The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual),Trans. Fereydoon Badrei, Bāz- Shināsī-yi Tāʾrīkh-i Islām wa Iran, 1371/ 1992. Brūsawī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Awḍaḥ al- Masālik Alā Marifa al- Buldān, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, Beirut, 1427 AH/ 2006 AD. Buzurg b. Shahriyār Rāmhurmuzī, Adjāib al- Hind Barrt wa Baḥra, Trans. Muhammad Malek Zadeh, Cultural foundation of Iran, Tehran, 1348/ 1969. al- Fāsī, Taḳī al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, al- Iḳd al- Thamīn fī Tārīkh al- Balād al- Amīn, Mawʾasisa al- Risāla, Beirut, 1406 AH/ 1985 AD. al- Fīfī, Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā, al- Duwala al- Rasūliyya fī al- Yaman, Dirāsat fī Awḍāʿ-i- hā al- Siyāsiyya wa al- Ḥaḍāriyya, al- Dār al- ʿArabiyya al- Mawsūʿāt, 2005/ 1383. Hamdānī, Ḥasan b. Aḥmad, Ṣifat Djazīrat al- Arab, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAlī al- Akwaʿ, Maktaba al- Irshād, Sanʿāʾ,1410 AH/ 1989 AD. Ibn ʿAbd al- Madjīd, Tādj al- Dīn ʿAbd al- Bāḳī, Bihdjat al- Zaman fī Tārīkh al- Yaman, Revised by Muḥammad al- Ḥabashī, Dār al- Ḥikmat al- Yamāniyya, Sanʿāʾ, 1408 AH/ 1987 AD. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzz al- Dīn Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-Kāmil fī al- tārikh, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965/1343. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Safar-nāma-yi Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, trans. Muhammad Ali Movahed, Tehran, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1980/ 1359. Ibn Daybaʿ, Abd al- Raḥman b. ʿAlī, Ḳurat al- Uyūn bi- Akhbār al- Yaman al- Maymūn, Revised by ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al- Akwaʿ, Matbaʿa al- Salafiyya, Cairo, 1374/ 1995. Ibid, Bughyat al- Mustafīd fī Akhbār Madīnat Zabīd, Revised by ʿAbd Allāh al- Ḥabashī, The Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, Yemen, 1374/ 1995. Ibn Djubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Safar-nāma-yi Ibn Djubayr, Trans. Parviz Atabak, Astan print, Mashhad, 1991/ 1370. Ibn Duḳmaḳ, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad, al- Intiṣār li- Wāsiṭat iḳd al- Amṣār, Manshūrāt Dār al- Āfāḳ, Beirut, 1893/ 1271. Ibn Faḳīh, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al- Buldān, Revised by Yūsuf Hādī, ʿĀlam al- Kutub, Beirut, 1416 AH/ 1995 AD. Ibn al- Furāt, Naṣir al- Dīn Muḥammad, Tārīkh-i Ibn al- Furāt, Revised by Zurayḳ Ḳusṭanṭīn, Beirut, 1942/ 1320. Ibn Ḥawḳal, Abū ʾl- Ḳāsim, Ṣūrat al- Arḍ, Trans. Jafar Shoar, Bunyād-i Farhang-i Iran, Tehran, 1966/ 1345. Ibn ʾl- ʿIbrī, Gharīghūrīyūs (Gerīghōr) Malaṭī, Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh al- Duwal, Trans. Abdolmuhammad Ayati, ʿIlmī Farhangī, 1377/ 1998. Ibn Khurradādhbih, ʿUbayd Allāh b. Allāh, al- Masālik wa l- Mamālik, Trans. Hossein Gharachanlu, Nashr-i Nū, Tehran, 1991/ 1370. Ibn Mādjid, Shahāb al- Dīn Aḥmad, Kitāb al- Fawāid fī Uṣūl ilm al- Bahr wa l- Ḳawāid, Trans. Ahmad & Omid Eghtedari, Andjuman Āthār wa Mafākhir-i Farhangī. Tehran, 1372/ 1993. Ibn Manẓūr, Djamāl al- Dīn, Muḥammad b. Mukarram, Lisān al- Arab, Nashr-i Adab al- Hawza, Qom, 1363/ 1984. Ibn Mudjāwir, Yūsuf b. Yaʿḳūb, Ṣifat al- Balād al- Yaman wa Makka wa Ba al- Ḥidjāz, Revised by Mamdūḥ Ḥasan Muḥammad, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Cario, 1996/ 1375. Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar, al- Alāḳ al- Nafīsa, Trans. Hossein Gharachanlu, Amīrkabīr, Tehran, 1986/ 1365. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Djamāl al- Dīn Abū ʾl- Maḥāsin b. Yūsuf, al- Nudjūm al- Zāhira fī mulūk miṣr wa l- ḳāhira, Cairo, 1935/ 1313. Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad Karīm, “al- ʿAlāḳāt al- Tidjāriyya Bayn ʿAdan wa al- Hind Khilāl al- Ḳarnayn al- Sādis wa al- Sābiʿ al- hidjriyyan”, Markaz Dirāsāt al- Khalīdj, University of  Basrah, 2002/ 1380. Idrīsī, Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, Nuhzat al- Mushtāḳ fī ikhtirāḳ al- Āfāḳ, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Egypt, (Und.). Ghassānī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbbās, al- Asdjad al- Masbūk wa al- Djawhar al- Maḥkūk fī Ṭabaḳāt al- Khulafā wa al- Mamlūk, Revised by Shākir Maḥmūd ʿAbd al- Munʿim, Dār al- Turāth al- Islāmiyya, Baghdad, 1395 AH/ 1975 AD. Himyarī, Ibn ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Rawḍ al- Miār fī Khabar al- Aḳtār, Revised by Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Syndicate of Publishers Union in Lebanon, Beirut, 1984/ 1363. Hudūd al- Ālam min al- Mashriḳ Alā al- Maghrib, Unknown Author, Revised by Manouchehr Sotodeh, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1340/ 1961. Ḳalḳashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Ṣubḥ al- Asha fī Ṣināat al- Inshā, Dārā al- kutub al- ʿIlmiyya,  Beirut, 1915/ 1293. Karimi, Alireza & Rezaie, Muhammad, “Rawabiṭ-i Tidjārī-yi Iran wa Djinuwā dar Dawra-yi Ilkhānī”,  History of  Islam & Iran al-Zahra University, No. 18, Summer 1392/ 2013. Ḳazwīnī, Zakariyyāʾ b. Muḥammad, Āthār al- Bilād Wa Akhbār al- Ibād, Trans. Muḥammad Murād b. ʿAbd al- Raḥmān, University of Tehran, 1371/ 1992. Khazradjī, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, al- Uḳūd al- Luluiyya fī Akhbār al- Dawla al- Rasūliyya, Revised by Muḥammad Bisyūnī, Yemen Center for Studies and Research, Dār al- Adab, Sanʿāʾ, 1403 AH/ 1982 AD. Labīb, Ṣubhī,  “al- Tidjārat al- Kārmiyya wa Tidjarat Miṣr fī al- ʿUṣur al- Wusṭā”, al- Madjlla al- Tārīkhiyya l- Miṣriyya, No. 4, 1952/ 1330. Luḳmān, Ḥamza ʿAlī Ibrāhīm, Tārīkh Adan wa Djanūb al- Djazīra l- Arabiyya, Dar Misr For Printing, Cairo, 1959 AD/ 1379 AH. Madjid, ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Alāḳat bayn al- Sharḳ wa l- Gharb, Maktaba al- Djāmiʿa al- ʿArabiyya, Beirut, 1966/ 1344. Maḳdasī, Abū ʿAbdallah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Aḥsan al- Taḳāsīm fī Marifat al- Aḳālīm,Trans. Alinaghi Monzavi, Shirkat- i Mūʾalifān wa Mutardjimān-i Iran, Tehran, 1361/ 1983. Maḳḥafī, Ibrāhīm Aḥmad, Mudjam al- Madan wa l- Ḳabāil al- Yamaniyya, Ṣanʿāʾ, Dār al- Kalama, 1985/ 1363. Maḳrīzī, Taḳī al- Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Dhahab al- Masbūk fī Dhikr Min Ḥadjdj Min Khulafā wa al- Mulūk, Revised by Djamāl al- Dīn al- Shayyāl, Cairo, Maktaba al- Khāndjī, 1955/ 1333. Masʿūdī, Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn, Murūdj al- dhahab wa Maādin al- Djawhar, Trans. Abul-Qasim Payandeh, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1360/ 1981. Mojtaba, Khalifeh, “Tafawwuḳ-i Tidjārī-yi Daryā-yi Surkh Bar Khalīdj-i Fārs Dar Sada- Hā- yi Pandjum wa Shishum-i Hidjrī: Bā Taʾkīd Bar Naḳsh-i Tudjdjār-i Kārm”, Khalīdj Fārs, Farhang wa Tamaddun: Madjmūa Maḳālāt, 2008/ 1387. Pigulevskaia, Nina vikorovna, Tārīkh-i Iran Az Dawrān-i Bāstān Tā Pāyān-i Ḳarn-i Hidjdah-hum-i Mīlādī, Trans. Karim Keshavarz, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, 1349/ 1970. Rashīd al- Dīn Hamdānī, Faḍlallāh, Djāmi al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Bahman Karimi, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1362/ 1983. Rāzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Tārīkh-i Madīnat Sanā, Revised by Ḥusayn b. ʿAbdallāh al- ʿAmrī, Dār al- Fikr al- Muʿāṣir, Damascus, 1409 AH/ 1988 AD. Sīrāfī, Ḥasan b. Yazīd, Riḥla al- Sīrāfī, al- Madjmaʿ al- Thaḳāfiyya, Abu Dhabi, 1999/ 1377. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārīkh al- umam l- Mulūk, Revised by Muḥammad Abū al- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Dār al- Turāth, Beirut, 1967/ 1345. djm al- Dīn, Tārīkh al- Yaman, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAlī al- Akwaʿ, Cairo, 1967/ 1345. Vossoughi, Muhammad-Bagher,Ilal wa Awāmil-i Djābidjā’ī-yi Kānūn- Hā-yi Tidjārī Dar Khalīdj-i Fārs, Pazhūhishkadih-yi Tāʾrīkh-i Islām, 1389/ 2010. Yaʿḳūbī, Ibn Wāḍiḥ, al- Buldān,Trans.  Abd al- Muhammad Ayati, Intishārāt-i bungāh-i tardjuma wa nashr-i kitāb, Tehran, 1343/ 1964. Yāḳūt Ḥimawī, Yāḳūt b. ʿAbdallāh, Mudjam al- Buldān (irshād al- arīb ilā marifat al-  adīb), Dār al- Ṣādir, Beirut, 1995/ 1373. Yūsuf, ʿAbd al- Ḳādir Aḥmad, al- Uṣūr al- Wusṭā al- Urūbiyya, Beirut, al- Maktaba al- ʿAṣriyya, 1967/ 1345.               Manuscript profile