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Open Access Article
1 - Climatic parameters rules on barberry phonology stages in Gonabad
غلامعباس فلاح قالهری hasan rezaeiclimate is one of the most important parameters in agricultural products and it limits the amount of products . it is obvious that agriculture is in a great relation with surrounding environment and it is affected by the climate ,so climatic parameters in a long period Moreclimate is one of the most important parameters in agricultural products and it limits the amount of products . it is obvious that agriculture is in a great relation with surrounding environment and it is affected by the climate ,so climatic parameters in a long period can determine plantation algorithm and dispersion explanation of different kinds of plants . the main aim of this research is assessment of the procedure of changing in agriclimatic parameters which effects on barberry growth in Gonabad city. for this purpose we use daily information such as minimum and maximum temperature, raining, average temperature, proportional moisture, soil temperature, sunny hours, and average temperature , proportional moisture and soil temperature in the finishing day of phonology stages in Gonabad synoptic station of khorasan razavi province , and by using them climatic parameters volume in different probable levels are calculated . in next step Man Kendal test used to explore climatic elements procedure in different phonology levels of barberry product . results indicates that , between all climatic parameters which effect on barberry plantation The average temperature, soil temperature and sunshine hours speed have decreased in 5 percent level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Repeat in the Masnavi Manavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat
fereshteh yarmohammadi reza Haidari Nori Malek Mohammad FarrokhzadOne of the types of poetry music is internal music, which is more often seen as a repetitive phonetic. This type of music, along with rhymes and rows, is also semantically important in addition to helping to coordinate the phonetic verses. Scholars repeat for a variety MoreOne of the types of poetry music is internal music, which is more often seen as a repetitive phonetic. This type of music, along with rhymes and rows, is also semantically important in addition to helping to coordinate the phonetic verses. Scholars repeat for a variety of reasons, such as focusing on an issue, showing its importance, and attracting audience feedback. Repetition has a variety of names that are arranged in verbal arrays: phonemes, puns, syllable repetition, word repetition, semantic network, Rad Alsdr Ala Al-Ajz, Rad Al-Ajar Ala Al-Sadr etc. In this study, with the aim of identifying the phonetic properties of Rumi’s Masnavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat, we examine the two effects in terms of the way of repetitions using the descriptive-analytical method, and we conclude that the repetition of the word is one of the important elements in these two works. The repetition of the word in the Masnavi is more purposeful and contributed to the semantic coherence and the longitudinal relations of the verses. Other types of repetitions include Repeating at the beginning of the sequence verses, repetitions from the beginning of hemistich, phonemes, semantic networks, syllable repetition, vowel repetition which also seen in Rumi’s Masnavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat, but in both of these works have been created in an artistic manner without any tricking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - A Study on Semantic Relation with Vocal Features and Frequencies in Concepts of Quran Verses’ Induction
Jalal Rahimian Fereshteh Mohammad PourOne of the most important lingual miracle aspect of Holy Quran is its pleasant rhythm; one of its elements is inducing religious concepts and meanings. The present article aims to study and survey the relationship between tone and meaning in the concepts relating to eth MoreOne of the most important lingual miracle aspect of Holy Quran is its pleasant rhythm; one of its elements is inducing religious concepts and meanings. The present article aims to study and survey the relationship between tone and meaning in the concepts relating to ethics and Hereafter as well as its effect in readers’ acceptance and motivation. The applied method in this research is descriptive – analytical and statistical. The conclusion of studying the data shows that plosive consonants are applied in stating Hereafter concepts more frequently and the frequency of using fricative consonants is more in expressing concepts of ethics. This proves that there is a direct relationship between vocal features and related concepts; this means each vowel expresses an emotion. This is natural and is seen in all languages; it also verifies that Holy Quran contains all capabilities to send the message of happiness to human beings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Survey of the Phonological Observations of Sibeveyh from the Modern Linguistics Point of View
Mahin HajizadehSpeakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. Muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important tha MoreSpeakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. Muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important than any western ones like Saussure, Chomsky and Jacobson. Some of them are even counted more major than westerners; one of these Muslim scholars is Sibeveyh. He is considered a forerunner of Arabic phonological studies and his works are the basis of later studies in this field. The present article surveys his point of views and analyses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors of Iranian EFL Learners
Mahmood Hashemian Kamal Heidari Soureshjani -
Open Access Article
6 - Phenology Study of Parasitoid Telenomus busseola Gahan (Hym., Scelionidae) based on egg population of sugar cane stem borer's egg Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lep., Noctuidae) and comparison of parasitism percent by recruitment and common method
A. Sayad Mansour m. Latifian E. Soleiman Nejadian A. R. AskarianzadehSugar cane stem borers are the most important pest of this crop in the world and Iran. Parasitism percent of the stem borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre by the wasp Telenomus busseolae Gahan was studied in Shooshtar, south of Iran in 2005-2006. The study was conducted MoreSugar cane stem borers are the most important pest of this crop in the world and Iran. Parasitism percent of the stem borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre by the wasp Telenomus busseolae Gahan was studied in Shooshtar, south of Iran in 2005-2006. The study was conducted in a Ratoon field in the first year and in a Plant field in the second year, both cultivated with variety of CP48-103. Numbers of parasitized and non-parasitized eggs were recorded weekly and percent parasitism was calculated by two methods of common and recruitment methods. Results showed a similar trend of the host and parasitoid populations in Ratoon field. However, the population of host’s eggs was in high in Plant field in the beginning of September, while the number of parasitized eggs was low. In addition, the parasitoid showed six period of activities during the agronomic year. According to these results the two methods were different, in percent parasitism eraluation. Meanwhile these results showed that recruitment was more reliable than the common method. The study also indicated that the parasitoid has an important effect on population dynamics of sugar cane stem bore in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - the acoustic investigation of stress in Persian Poetry
rafeeh khoshkhu Raha ZareifardAbstractSince Persian r hythm is quantitative and depends on vowel duration, thefunction of stress is not studied carefully yet. This study aims at answering this question: to what extent Persian Poem depends on stress? For answering this question the sonnet number 327 MoreAbstractSince Persian r hythm is quantitative and depends on vowel duration, thefunction of stress is not studied carefully yet. This study aims at answering this question: to what extent Persian Poem depends on stress? For answering this question the sonnet number 327 was selected from Hafez and the acoustic features examined carefully. We asked a person who was familiar with prosodic features to read the sonnet twice by Praat Program. Then these data analyzed in three levels: foot, intonation and utterance level. The results reveal that the place of stress does not depend on prosodic features and is not predictable and stress pattern does not affect the rhythm of the Poetry.Then these data analyzed in three levels: foot, intonation and utterance level. The results reveal that the place of stress does not depend on prosodic features and is not predictable and stress pattern does not affect the rhythm of the Poetry. Key terms: stress, Persian Poem, Praat, phonology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Reaction Time in Phoneme Recognition: A Comparative Study among Iranian Upper-Intermediate vs. Advanced EFL Learners at Institute Level
Mozhgan Fallah Ramin Rahimy -
Open Access Article
9 - The main phonological processes of Lenition in Hendiyooni Dialect
Azade Ebadi Elkhas VeysiThis article aims at descriptive analytical study of the main phonological processes of lenition in Hendiyooni dialect on the basis of Generative Theory. To achieve this goal, researchers interviewed illiterate and less illiterate speakers to uneducated informants. Besi MoreThis article aims at descriptive analytical study of the main phonological processes of lenition in Hendiyooni dialect on the basis of Generative Theory. To achieve this goal, researchers interviewed illiterate and less illiterate speakers to uneducated informants. Besides, one of the researchers is the native speaker of Hendijani Dialect, thus, he got advantages of his sense of language. The analyzed data were written according to APA style. Regarding this method, some of the most important results of this research are: 1. Lenition process usually occurs in the final position of a syllable. 2. /æ/ in Standard Persian in the final position of a syllable converts to /ə/. 3. The consonants /v, t, d/ are deleted at the final position of a word or syllable in Hendiyooni Dialect. 4. The assimilation process in Hendiyooni Dialect is mostly of consonant to consonant, and assimilation in manner of articulation results in complete one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Comparative Study of Assimilation Process in various Language of Fars Province
Mahrokh Monsef Aliye Kord Zafaranlou Kambouziya Arsalan GolfaamThe main concern of this article is to analyze the assimilation process between consonants of 15 various languages of Fars Province such as Shirazi, Shurabi, Kazeruni, Davani, Abduyi, Mamassani, Papuni, Richi, Birovakani, Dadenjani, Mehbodi, Zaxoruyei, Ghalati, Lari and MoreThe main concern of this article is to analyze the assimilation process between consonants of 15 various languages of Fars Province such as Shirazi, Shurabi, Kazeruni, Davani, Abduyi, Mamassani, Papuni, Richi, Birovakani, Dadenjani, Mehbodi, Zaxoruyei, Ghalati, Lari and Xonji based on the generative phonology. Data required for conducting this research have been extracted from the written documents such as books, theses, and also articles. In addition, if this type of research requires more extended data or verifying their collected data, the writer interviewed with the informants of the mentioned varieties of languages and records their speeches. Some of the main results are as follows: 1. Assimilation in consonantal clusters /-st/ and /-nb/ are more frequent than other clusters in the mentioned 15 varieties of languages. 2. In these 15 varieties, assimilation in manner of articulation is more frequent than other features such as place of articulation or voicing. 3. Progressive and partial assimilation are more common than regressive and total integration. 4. In these varieties of languages, in consonants assimilation of two-consonantal sequences, the sonorant consonant is always more dominant. 5. In consonants assimilation within these varieties, assimilation among consonants with the same place of articulation is always results in total assimilation and consequently yields fake germination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The investigation of the phonological process of vowels harmony in Rasht Gilaki dialect on the basis of auto-segmental phonology
Shahin Sheykhsangtajan Behanaz Pourusef HashjinAuto-segmental phonology is a continuation of research in generative phonology framework firstly proposed by Goldsmith in 1976. In auto-segmental phonology, phonological representation comes out of the linear mode and it is explained in form of network and hierarchy. Ac MoreAuto-segmental phonology is a continuation of research in generative phonology framework firstly proposed by Goldsmith in 1976. In auto-segmental phonology, phonological representation comes out of the linear mode and it is explained in form of network and hierarchy. Accordingly, in auto-segmental phonology, the focus is on the changes which phonological rules can do on the organization of phonological realizations. In auto-segmental phonology, realizations are not as the simple phonological elements which include all phonological rules at the same level, anymore. In auto-segmental phonology, phonological rules not only affect phonological elements, but also influence the manner of the relation of elements in different layers. This research aims to investigate the phonological process of vowels harmony in Gilaki dialect in Rasht on the basis of auto-segmental phonology. The research method is both descriptive and analytical. The data have been collected by field study method. The results revealed that auto-segmental phonology, itself, was able to explain and represent the phonological process of vowel harmony in Gilaki dialect of Rasht. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Phonology of Koroshi Dialect
Nezam EmadiKorosh is a tribe mainly dispersed across the provinces of Fars and Hormozgan in Iran. The objective of this article is to study and describe the phonemic system of Koroshi dialect in the province of Fars. Koroshi is a dialect of Baluchi language which belongs to the no MoreKorosh is a tribe mainly dispersed across the provinces of Fars and Hormozgan in Iran. The objective of this article is to study and describe the phonemic system of Koroshi dialect in the province of Fars. Koroshi is a dialect of Baluchi language which belongs to the northwestern branch of New Iranian languages. The article introduces and explains the consonants and vowels of the dialect and then proceeds to examine the phoneme arrangement, syllable structure, phonemic processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, alteration, epenthesis and deletion. Considering the analysis and evaluation of the phonemes conducted above, this dialect has twenty-five consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g, Ɂ, f, v, s, z, š, ž, x, γ, h, č, ǰ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, ř, y), eight vowels (i, e, ē, a, â, o, ō, u) and five diphthongs (ey, ay, ow, ây, uy). The phoneme /ř/ is a trill, double flap, alveolar and voiced consonant versus the phoneme /r/ which is a trill, single flap, alveolar and voiced. Notwithstanding, the consonant /ř/ has low frequency, it makes a phonemic distinction and has a minimal pair with /r/. In addition, the nasal consonant /ŋ/ is a nasal and velar phoneme which it does not appear in onsets. The syllable structure in this dialect, like standard Persian, is CV(C)(C). Nezam Emadi nezamemadi@gmail.com Assistant professor of linguistics department, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Spirantization Process in Sirjani dialect: Generative Phonology
Tahereh Ezatabadi poor Ashrafosaddat ShahidiThe purpose of this article is to identify one of the most important phonological fricative processes named spirantization in Sirjani variety based on the framework of generative phonology. For this purpose, the data have been extracted from written documents such as th MoreThe purpose of this article is to identify one of the most important phonological fricative processes named spirantization in Sirjani variety based on the framework of generative phonology. For this purpose, the data have been extracted from written documents such as the books, the glossaries, the articles, and written theses on this variety. In addition, the writers are native speakers of this variability. In this research, written sources such as dissertations, articles, and other available books in this field have also been used as literature review. Data are transcribed based on the APA and the research methodology is descriptive-analytic form. By examining the data, several types of spirantization processes have been extracted and they are investigated in this paper. The questions discussed in this study are as follows: 1. what types of phonological processes of spirantization are there in Sirjani variety? 2- How many consonants and vowels are there in Sirjani variety in comparison with standard Persian? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Study of weakness Process in Vocabularies from Middle Persian to Dari type in Generative Phonology Framework
Tahereh Ezatabadi poor Laleh MahmudabadiThe purpose of this article is to investigate the process of weakness in vocabularies from Middle Persian to Dari Persian based on generative phonology framework. The presented data of this article have been extracted from vocabularies of the middle-Persian Zoroastrian MoreThe purpose of this article is to investigate the process of weakness in vocabularies from Middle Persian to Dari Persian based on generative phonology framework. The presented data of this article have been extracted from vocabularies of the middle-Persian Zoroastrian mentioned in Concise Pahlavi Dictionary from David Neil Mackenzie (1388), which have been found in Persian Dari. Then, their different forms have been found in the dictionaries of Persian Dari including Dehkhoda (1388), Hassan Doost (1383), and about Persian Dictionaries (1382-1388), as well as in New Persian. In each of these languages, their phonological rules are extracted and listed. In the next step, the phonological analyses of the rules have been investigated based on the principles of generative phonology and the criteria of Jensen (2004: 117) to discover the natural rule. Three types of processes of weakness have been investigated in this paper. In this article, authors have examined these three types of weakness. Some of the results are: (1) the most natural rule isn’t necessarily the most simple one; on the other hand, the simplicity is the necessary condition for naturalness of rules, but it isn’t sufficient condition. 2) According to the analyses, the weakness process has been seen in coda, final-word , intervocalic and postvocalic type more than onset and initial- word. 3). Consonants, which participate in this process in according to rules, are obstruent consonants such as [p, b, f, k, g, w, t, d]. 4) Phonological rules usually act unidirectional. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Investigating the weakening process in Sirjani dialect; Self-unit phonology
Sayed Farid Khalifehloo Tahereh EzzatabadipourIn autosegmental phonology, Goldsmith (1976) expanded the phonological representation from linear to non-linear in frequent languages. Due to nonlinearity and the existence of layered structure in this approach, the present study with descriptive-analytical way define a MoreIn autosegmental phonology, Goldsmith (1976) expanded the phonological representation from linear to non-linear in frequent languages. Due to nonlinearity and the existence of layered structure in this approach, the present study with descriptive-analytical way define and analyze some of the phonological processes including spirantization, assimilation,, deletion and compensatory lengthening based on the principles of autosegmental phonology, i.e. spreading and delinking (McCarthy, 1988) in Sirjani dialect. To get the end, 40 speakers with different genders, ages, educations, jobs and from multiple areas of Sirjan city were selected randomly and data were collected by using free speech recording, interviewing and available library resources about Sirjani variety; then, the collected data were transcribed by using the "APA" and the existing phonological processes were extracted and classified based on the Kul division (2007). Consequently, the analysis of the used rules in linguistic corpus was done following principles of autosegmental phonology. The results of the research showed unlike the fortition process, there are many instances of lenition process in Sirjani variation and the spreading process is realized in the form of spirantization of stop consonants and assimilation of place of articulation and voicing and the delinking process is manifested only in the form of consonant deletion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The study of the evolution of words from Ancient and Middle Persian in the Taleshi dialect of Anbar and its comparison with the new Persian
Yadollah Nasrollahi Mahnaz Nezami AnbaranTaleshi dialect is a continuation of the natural and evolved language of the Middle and ancient Persian ones. Some scholars regard this dialect as the part of the Azeri language, and some people regard it as a language rooted in material language. This dialect is divide MoreTaleshi dialect is a continuation of the natural and evolved language of the Middle and ancient Persian ones. Some scholars regard this dialect as the part of the Azeri language, and some people regard it as a language rooted in material language. This dialect is divided into three categories: North, Central, and South, among which the ambarani accent is located in the North Taleshi dialect group. Up to now, this accent has retained many ancient and Middle Persian words in its own language, and has phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features that the results of their careful examination can be a valuable service to the field. The Persian language is considered to be affluent and will help researchers in this field. The present study is based on the reading of the historical and phonological evolution of some tense words of Anbarian from the ancient and Middle Persian eras and their comparison with the new one. It can be said that these terms Within this accent have not been suffered from a phonetic and immortal evolution, and because of the similarity and resemblance of these words in the dialect of Anbarani dialect with the ancient and Middle Persian is more than the new Persian and the standard one, which is a sign of longitude and authenticity dialect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - An Introduction to phonemic in Nayini Dialect
seyed hasan poor abedi naeiniNâyini is widely spoken in Nâyin and its adjacent regions of Isfahan province, central Iran which belongs to the North-West branch of the Iranian languages family A number of European scholars primarily studied the Nayini Dialect such as A. Kerry (1896), V. MoreNâyini is widely spoken in Nâyin and its adjacent regions of Isfahan province, central Iran which belongs to the North-West branch of the Iranian languages family A number of European scholars primarily studied the Nayini Dialect such as A. Kerry (1896), V. Ivanov (1926), W.Geiger, O.Mann and C.Hadank. Among Iranian researchers M.Sotudeh (1986/1365) compiled a dictionary of Nâyini Dialect The researcher’s aim is to extract Nâini phonemes, and thereafter to describe the phonological structure of Nâyini based on a contrastive analysis using minimal pairs Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - An Introduction to Historical Investigation of Jahromi's Words
mehdi rezaee raha zareie fardJahrom is one of the southern cities in Farse Province in Iran. Nowadays Dari Persian is common there, but before that people spoke south-western Middle Persian language there. So a lot of Sasani Pahlavi words can be seen in this accent which caused this accent outstand MoreJahrom is one of the southern cities in Farse Province in Iran. Nowadays Dari Persian is common there, but before that people spoke south-western Middle Persian language there. So a lot of Sasani Pahlavi words can be seen in this accent which caused this accent outstanding in Fars. In this article, we try to introduce some of these Pahlavi words and find their etymologies in Middle Persian texts and illustrate that these words win in their competition with Dari Persian words and some of them remained unchanged. When it is necessary, we use "Generative phonology" and "Autosegmental phonology" approaches for investigating the phonetic and phonological changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - number of Phonological Processes in 15 Language Varieties of Kerman Province
alie kord zaferanloo kamboozia paria razm didehThe chief concern of this research is to analyze a number of phonological processes such as “ insertion, stopping, and spirantization” in 15 language varieties of Kerman Province such as Baft, Bardsir, Bam, Rabor, Rafsanjan, South Rudbar, Zarand, Sirjan, Sha MoreThe chief concern of this research is to analyze a number of phonological processes such as “ insertion, stopping, and spirantization” in 15 language varieties of Kerman Province such as Baft, Bardsir, Bam, Rabor, Rafsanjan, South Rudbar, Zarand, Sirjan, Shahrebabak, Kerman, Golbaf, Gougher and Meymand, based on generative phonology. Most of the mentioned varieties had written documents such as dictionary, poetical works and proverb. Also a number of articles and theses have been written about most of them, from which the required data for this research has been extracted. Additionally, if it required more data, the researchers have directly interviewed with two men and two women informants. Some of the most important results of this reaserch are mentioned here: 1. Dِِeletion of the final glottal consonant /h/, and then, if the next morpheme starts with a vowel, one the glides [j] or [w] should be inserted which this insertion between two vowels depends on the features of the second vowel. 2. In language varieties of Kerman Province glottal stop // is inserted at the beginning of the words which start with a vowel. 3. In a number of Kerman Language Varieties the continuant, uvular and voiced consonant / / is replaced with its stop pair [G] in Standard Persian at the end of a word or syllable Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Modeling growth and yield of safflower in Isfahan
Valiallah Dadrasi بنیامین ترابی سهیلا قاسمی مهامThis study was performed to yield prediction and statistical modeling of Safflower. Phenology, dry matter production and distribution and soil-water balance sub models should be studied in order to growth stages and yield prediction in agricultural crops. Parameters rel MoreThis study was performed to yield prediction and statistical modeling of Safflower. Phenology, dry matter production and distribution and soil-water balance sub models should be studied in order to growth stages and yield prediction in agricultural crops. Parameters related to each sub model were estimated using data reported on different sowing dates during the years 2002-2015 in Isfahan region and the data reported by other researchers in other regions. Growth and yield changes were calculated by phenology, dry matter production and distribution using meteorological data from Isfahan region, and the safflower crop yield at the end of growing season was predicted. One of the model evaluation criteria is comparison of coefficient of linear regression between observed and predicted yield (a= 0.46 ± 0.073, b= 1.49 ± 0.18) with coefficient of line 1:1. In the field experiments the limit for Coefficient of variation (CV) is 20 to 25. Accuracy of the model was high, regarding to the coefficient of variation of predicted and observed grain yield (CV=8.89). R2 of grain yield was 0.75, which is indicating that predicted data are 70 percent likely match with observed data. Variation range for observed data was 1.2 to 4.61 tones per hectar and the mean was 2.9 tones and for the predicted data it was 1.94 to 3.62 tones per hectar and the mean was 2.78 Tones per hectar. In all cases, simulated yield compliance with observed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigation the Phonological and Morphological traits of the some superior genotype of hazelnut in Talesh region of Guilan province
Kazem Moghadam Hussein zadeh Saeed Piri piraivat lou Ali Imani -
Open Access Article
22 - The linguistic investigation of Bahar’s odes
Mohammad Reza Pahlavan Nejad Alireza SezavarBahar is the first person who wrote stylistics in a methodological and scientific manner regarding the prose and defined it scientifically. Although he didn’t live long to continue his research and do the same for the verse but he had scattered notes which l MoreBahar is the first person who wrote stylistics in a methodological and scientific manner regarding the prose and defined it scientifically. Although he didn’t live long to continue his research and do the same for the verse but he had scattered notes which later were collected. In his book of stylistics, Bahar was more concerned with the linguistic aspect rather than other subjects. The most prominent feature of Bahar’s odes is following the language of the past in all aspects especially in social and political issues the content was totally consistent with the details of the society of the day. The movement of return to the ways of the ancients manifests itself mostly through their language particularly in their poetry. In this article Bahar’s odes have been studied in terms of 1) phonology 2) morphology 3) syntax The phonology section is concerned with the characteristics of words such as tashdid, contraction, maximization, minimization, mutation in words and music produced by the proximity of words. Morphology section deals with the employment of old words with fresh meanings and finally syntax is concerned with the structure of the languages in the past and their application in Bahar’s poetry focusing on supplements and variety of “ra”. Manuscript profile
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