Merchants

Open Access Article

1 - The impact of the Shah Abbas I. Safavid̕s border wars on the dispersal of merchants in Iran
asghar rahmati mohsen rahmati jahanbakhsh savagheb

10.30495/JHCIN.2020.16721

Wars are one of the most important factors in creating and changing trade routes. During the Shāh Abbās Safavid era, the war with the Ottomans, Uzbeks and Portuguese influenced the dispersal of merchants. Those wars made the trade route, from north to south of Iran, mor More

Wars are one of the most important factors in creating and changing trade routes. During the Shāh Abbās Safavid era, the war with the Ottomans, Uzbeks and Portuguese influenced the dispersal of merchants. Those wars made the trade route, from north to south of Iran, more important and merchants gather in the cities along the way. In this study, by library study and descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the questions such as what effect did the wars have on the dispersal of merchants in Safavid Irān? Research shows that these wars have changed trade routes and the greatest focus should be on the north-south route of the Safavid territory where the traders in accordance with this change of direction, regularly dispersed in the cities that were next to this route Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Comparative Study of Occupations and Social Classed in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s Works
Mohammad Ra’yat Mohammad Shah Badi Zadeh Mahmood Mahdavi Damghani

Getting acquainted with pub culture seems essential to understand literary texts and their complications. Therefore, it is vital to state the process of how the poets are affected by their past pub culture and how they affect the pub culture of the generations to come. More

Getting acquainted with pub culture seems essential to understand literary texts and their complications. Therefore, it is vital to state the process of how the poets are affected by their past pub culture and how they affect the pub culture of the generations to come. It paves the way for better and more correct understanding of literary texts. The present study, whose aim is to extract and classify social occupations and pub culture in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works comparatively reviews pub culture proverbs concerning occupations and social classes in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works. This research employed library based method to collect data, analyzed the content, and then presented them descriptively and analytically. The findings show that pub culture is revealed in many occupations and social classes of which some are rooted in religion, some in myths and legends, and some in superstitions. Both poets used many proverbs for various occupations and social classes, and it is anthropologically and socio- psychologically significant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The First attempt and challenges of Iranian merchants Commercial in the Process of Establishing a Lawful System of Governance and the Modern State in constitutional Period
Soheila Torabi Farsani

Before the advent of constitutionalism , social and economic insecurity , legal instability, abrogation of verdicts passed by Mujtahids, lack of any established laws, possibility of confiscation of wealth, and an intrusion of foreign capital into the country provided di More

Before the advent of constitutionalism , social and economic insecurity , legal instability, abrogation of verdicts passed by Mujtahids, lack of any established laws, possibility of confiscation of wealth, and an intrusion of foreign capital into the country provided discontent for the Iranian merchants’. By this time, the merchants had gained a thorough familiarity with the West through the advocation of theoretical basis of the Western thought by the intellectuals and the newspapers. The merchants participated in the constitutional revolution and took part in the first Majlis in which they tried to pass laws to ensure liberty for all citizens, public participation in the political affairs of the country and government transparency. In this paper it has been tried to examine the Role of merchants in these development based on the available documents.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Obstacles to the Realization of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in the First Pahlavi Era
Hosein Shariati Alireza Azghandi Ahmad Saei Abolghasem Taheri

Hosein Shariati[1] Alireza Azghandi[2] Ahmad Saei[3] Abolghasem Taheri[4]   Abstract: Authority, as one of the fundamental concepts of political science has developed a new definition in the modern era. Authority, as a modern concept, is defined as legitimate power More

Hosein Shariati[1] Alireza Azghandi[2] Ahmad Saei[3] Abolghasem Taheri[4]   Abstract: Authority, as one of the fundamental concepts of political science has developed a new definition in the modern era. Authority, as a modern concept, is defined as legitimate power and legitimacy has become a secular and rational concept in this era. To describe this concept, Max Weber comes up with three prototypes of traditional, charismatic and legal authority. He believes that the criterion for the evaluation of the modern state is in the realization of the bureaucratic legal authority. In his view, the barrier against the realization of such authority is the opposition of traditionalists and aristocrats. The formation of the modern era in Iran began with the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi, thus such government should necessarily have had the features of the modern concept of authority. However, due to losing their status and appearance of conflict of values, the traditional strata of Iran’s society such as clergies, merchants, aristocrats and nomads became a barrier in the way of the realization of the bureaucratic legal authority in Iran in the Reza Shah era. [1]-PhD Graduate of political science (Iranian studies) department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [2]- Full professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran:Corresponding Author [3]- Associate professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [4]- Full professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Ira.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Geographical distribution of merchant minorities (Armenians, Indians, Jews, Zoroastrians) in Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas I Safavid
Asghar Rahmati

Merchant minorities were an active group in the Iranian economy during the Safavid era. During this period, due to a series of internal and external developments such as border disputes, the entry of European companies into Iran and the actions of the Safavid kings to i More

Merchant minorities were an active group in the Iranian economy during the Safavid era. During this period, due to a series of internal and external developments such as border disputes, the entry of European companies into Iran and the actions of the Safavid kings to improve the economic situation Trade routes changed. Armenian, Indian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian merchants were scattered throughout Iran in proportion to their financial, economic, and political interests. This study was conducted using library study method and descriptive-analytical method, While examining the geographical distribution of merchant minorities in the Safavid territory, it explains why and How. The research findings indicate that the geographic dispersion of merchants' minorities is also influenced by the set of internal and external developments of Iran during the Safavid period, so that the community and settlement of merchants' minorities have been alongside commercial routes that are from the north, center and south of Iran Passing through. These merchants were turned over by transporting manufactured goods to other parts of Iran and beyond the political borders of the Safavid government. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analysis of Management – policy Problems before tea industry in the Guilan Province
mohamadsadegh allahyari habibollah rezadost shaghayegh kheiri seyed ali noor hosseini

To evaluate and identify the most import and managerial-policy issues and problems of tea industry in Guilan, a study was conducted in 2010. Delphi method was used in this study involved a total of 54 members (15 farmers, 12 factory owners, 11 businessmen and 16 experts More

To evaluate and identify the most import and managerial-policy issues and problems of tea industry in Guilan, a study was conducted in 2010. Delphi method was used in this study involved a total of 54 members (15 farmers, 12 factory owners, 11 businessmen and 16 experts).The results showed that issues such as wealth and power Mafia drummer imports smuggled tea, tea accumulate on of experience, lack of strict government control son production and trade of tea, the lack of stable and long-term strategy and policy in stability, Lack of management and planning in the manufacturing, industrial and commercial tea, the tea industry is looking at a system of government, to deal with problems of passive Tea, Unethical interference in local government authorities and push them to buy green tea, Weaknesses in the education sector ,promoting the country's tea industry and government neglect in the cultivation and breeding of tea gardens and tea gardens release due to wrong policies of reform initiatives Tea, a very important point for the tea product that had a failure with the tea industry. Manuscript profile

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