List of Articles Marine environment

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  1 - International Responsibility of the Sponsoring State for Exploitation of the Area Resources in Light of the Requirements of International Environmental Law
  Javad Salehi Hossein Alekajbaf
  10.30495/jest.2020.36357.4296
  The obligations of the Sponsoring State are subject to liability arising from the requirements of international environmental law. The obligations of the Sponsoring State in protecting the environment of the area are of an appropriate nature, assessment, precaution, pre More

  The obligations of the Sponsoring State are subject to liability arising from the requirements of international environmental law. The obligations of the Sponsoring State in protecting the environment of the area are of an appropriate nature, assessment, precaution, prevention, control and compensation. However, if the Sponsoring State has taken all necessary and appropriate measures to the best of its ability to bind the sponsored contractor, it will not be liable for damages resulting from the contractor's activities. This situation means that the damages resulting from the contractor's activity to exploit the resources of the area are not compensated. However, the international community should not, in any case, suffer the damage caused by the contractor's activities to the marine environment. Undoubtedly, the inability of the Sponsoring State to control and oblige the contractor to fully comply with international standards in the exploration and extraction of marine resources should not be taken into account by the international community. It is imperative that the Sponsoring State be absolutely responsible for the damages caused by the contractor. If the damage is due to the fault of the contractor, the Sponsoring State shall compensate it and then deduct it from the contractor's bail. If the damage caused by the negligence of the Sponsoring State, it should compensate the same damage so that in any case the damage to the marine environment is not left unattended and the damage is not inflicted on the international community body. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Study The Effect of Reducing the Toxicity of Oil Pollution by Crude Oil-Degrading Bacteria Symbiotic with the Gastropod Isolated From the Persian Gulf on the Quality of Seafood
  Nasrin Ansari Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin Mehdi Hassanshahian Majid Askari
  10.30495/qafj.2021.685564
  The Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understan More

  The Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understand. The aim of this study is the characterization of symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria in some Gastropods in the Persian Gulf. Gastropods were collected from five stations at the Persian Gulf. Symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from collected Gastropod by enrichment in ONR7a medium after 4 subcultures. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The effect of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons on farmed fish and shrimp meat was investigated by decomposing bacteria. The degradation of crude oil was determined by spectrophotometry methods for each strain. In this study, 2 crude oil-degrading bacteria IAUK3585, IAUK3586 were isolated from Gastropod. The efficient strain that had the Thalassospira profundimaris and strain IAUK3586 the efficient strain that had the highest crude oil degradation belonged to genera. The results of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons proved that the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the pond with decomposing bacteria compared to the pond without decomposing bacteria and oil contamination and the pond without any These conditions were significantly reduced. This result proves that the decomposing bacteria that coexist with the abdomen have a significant effect on increasing the quality of fish and shrimp meat. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Effective processes on the fate of oil slick after spill accidents in marine environment - important in numerical models of oil spill
  Shahla Habibi Vahed Zanjani
  This paper presents the effective processes on the oil slick after spill accidents in sea. Processes include advection, evaporation, dissolution, photo-oxidation, sedimentation and biodegradation which are described by analytical methods. The processes can influenc and More

  This paper presents the effective processes on the oil slick after spill accidents in sea. Processes include advection, evaporation, dissolution, photo-oxidation, sedimentation and biodegradation which are described by analytical methods. The processes can influenc and change the initial parameters of oil, including density, water content and viscosity. Spreading process play a governing role during a period of several hours after spill accidents, while the process of transforming oil slick may occur during a period of several days. Estimation of evaporation, advection and the thickness of the oil layer is used in calculating the ratio of the natural dispersion by numerical models. The evaporation and the thickness determine the lifetime of oil slick on the sea surface by many models. In addition, estimates of the layer area of ​​the slick can be used to evaluate efficiency of oil spill control methods and evaluation of their environmental impacts. The study was performed in the Assalouyeh marine region on the northern coasts of Persian Gulf, for effective processes on the fate of gas condensate slick. The results show that after spill accidents, the gas condensates transfer into the atmosphere due to evaporation and atmospheric and marine conditions, and also penetrate in the water column. Due to wind velocity, gas condensates move away from the coast in the winter and in summer due to higher stability at sea, gas condensate particles can accumulate on the surface (especially for larger particles). Manuscript profile
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  4 - Isolation of fluorene degrading microorganisms from sediments of the Southern Caspian Sea Coasts and evaluation of their bioremediation potential
  Ehteram Sadat Rahimi Jamshid Fooladi gholamhossein ebrahimipour Mohammad Reza Soudi Tayebeh Fooladi
  Background and Objectives: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the most important environmental pollutants. Bioremediation using microorganisms is a cost-effective and safe method for the removal or conversion of these pollutants to less toxic substances. This s More

  Background and Objectives: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the most important environmental pollutants. Bioremediation using microorganisms is a cost-effective and safe method for the removal or conversion of these pollutants to less toxic substances. This study aimed to isolate and introduce fluorene-degrading microorganisms from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Materials and Methods: The mixed microbial culture enrichment and isolation was done in salt-based culture medium containing fluorene. The qualitative analysis of fluorene degradation in the solid basal salt medium was investigated. The rate of fluorene removal by the isolated mixed microbial culture was also determined using gas chromatography in a liquid salt base medium. The molecular identification of the fungal and bacterial isolates was performed using the sequential analysis of the ITS protected region and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. Results: The mixed microbial culture including bacterial isolates (belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, Acromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Microbacterium, and Rhodococcus) and fungal isolate (belonging to the genus Fusarium) was enriched and isolated. Chromatographic analysis showed that the mixed microbial culture was able to degrade 87% of fluorene (200 mg / l ) in a basal salt medium at 30 °C, pH 7 and 7 days of incubation. Conclusion: According to the results, the mixed microbial can remove a large amount of fluorene from the basal salt medium under the mentioned conditions and it is possible that under a similar situation, it can remove a large amount of fluorene from the contaminated area through bioremediation.   Manuscript profile
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  5 - Isolation, identification and characterization of biosurfactant-producing Shewanella species from the Persian Gulf
  Marzieh Adeli Mehdi Hassanshahian Ashraf Kariminik
  Background and Objectives: Biosurfactants are a group of amphipathic molecules produced by microorganisms, which are constructed from two portions: hydrophilic and hydrophobic; these compounds increase biodegradation of insoluble pollutants. This study was carried out t More

  Background and Objectives: Biosurfactants are a group of amphipathic molecules produced by microorganisms, which are constructed from two portions: hydrophilic and hydrophobic; these compounds increase biodegradation of insoluble pollutants. This study was carried out to isolation, identification and characterization of biosurfactant-producing Shewanella species from the Persian Gulf. Material and Methods: In this study, 25 biosurfactant producing strains were isolated from polluted sediments and seawater from Persian Gulf. Biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated in Bushnell-Hass medium enriched with diesel. Then, dominant strains were screened by using quantitative and qualitative tests, including hemolysis in blood agar, oil spreading, drop collapse, emulsification activity and BATH test. Probable strains were identified by biochemical methods. Finally, dominant biosurfactant producing bacteria were recognized by using universal primers for 16s rRNA and sequencing . Results: In total of seven biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated. Two of them, Shewanella E14 and Shewanella N4, were identified as predominant strains. Also, Shewanella algae and Shewanella upenei confirmed by molecular method. Conclusion: Based on the results, the isolates were able to produce biosurfactants and at the same time were able to degrade hydrocarbons. Therefore, the evaluation of applied potential of these strains for bioremediation of oil spillages is recommended. Manuscript profile
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  6 - The Persian Gulf Countries' Responsibilities and Their Roles in Environmental Protection
  Aliasghar Zargar Zaynab Nouruzi
  Abstract Due to existence of huge oil and gas resources and specific ecological conditions of the region and exploitation of these resources and environment by the adjacent countries, the Persian Gulf is exposed to continuous pollution risks. The strategic sensitivity More

  Abstract Due to existence of huge oil and gas resources and specific ecological conditions of the region and exploitation of these resources and environment by the adjacent countries, the Persian Gulf is exposed to continuous pollution risks. The strategic sensitivity of the region and political and military tensions and economic issues overshadows the important issues such as marine environment in this region and converted the Persian Gulf into one of the most polluted marine areas. The specific conditions of the region has caused that in the last decade of the 20th century, the major legal institutions attempted to affect changes for widespread support for environmental protection of this vital waterway. Taking into consideration that in principle, implementation of environmental protection management on a single base by each country is impossible and no use, therefore, the Persian Gulf countries decided to act in the framework of collective cooperation by concluding Kuwait convention on regional cooperation for environmental protection. In this article we try to check the terms and structures in the state responsibility, management and proper removal of pollutants in the region and internationally to identify strengths and weaknesses and the needs to be addressed and in that context to find solutions to achieve out of this crisis. Manuscript profile