List of Articles Freedom of the Press

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - The concept of freedom in the thought of Mirza Fath-Ali Akhundzadeh
  fardin moradkhani
  Freedom is one of the most important concepts of the new era. In Iran's constitutionalism, the importance of this concept was realized from the very beginning and words were said about it. Among the people who spoke about freedom, intellectuals are very important. They More

  Freedom is one of the most important concepts of the new era. In Iran's constitutionalism, the importance of this concept was realized from the very beginning and words were said about it. Among the people who spoke about freedom, intellectuals are very important. They tried to define freedom and point out its importance and talk about its types. Mirza Fath-Ali Akhundzadeh, as one of the great intellectuals of that period, has reflected on the concept of freedom. It cannot be claimed that he had a coherent thought about freedom and pointed out its various aspects. However, he has said precise words about freedom and while pointing to two types of freedom or two principles of freedom, he has said the reason for their absence in Iran and the way to acquire them and he has addressed some examples of freedom, including freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, and freedom of women Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - Investigating how Reza Shah deals with the issue of modernity, Intellectuallity, and analyzing his cognitive behavior with intellectuals according to historical research and documents
  Mehrab Hatami manizheh Sadri Simin Fasihi Nazli Eskandari nezhad
  Intellectuals are among the social classes that create new forms of social, political, and cultural patterns and there is no denying the power of their transformation in society. The most important of an intellectual is their critical and questioning spirit and they als More

  Intellectuals are among the social classes that create new forms of social, political, and cultural patterns and there is no denying the power of their transformation in society. The most important of an intellectual is their critical and questioning spirit and they also show a tendency to fight against the established powers. Its constituent forces can be clerics, journalists, teachers, professors, party activists, and artists. The main demand of these intellectuals was the establishment of a new European-style law system, the re-identification and national traditions of Iran, prohibiting clerics from interfering in politics and establishing new political institutions based on national sovereignty, and creating a modern national government. In examining the position of these forces in the era of Reza Shah, mostly the forces critical of the government and outside Reza Khani's political apparatus have intended to comment. Reza Shah's period is one in which important developments in the public and higher education, as well as movements in the modernization of the education system and higher education occurred in Iran. As a result, the enlightenment phenomenon manifests itself on a larger scale. The government's critical behavior eventually led to Reza Shah's strong reaction to them till the intellectuals were either imprisoned or attracted to Reza Shah's apparatus and due to the lack of public base, they were unable to make a significant impact on developments. In addition, Reza Shah was not optimistic about intellectual activities and that got the intellectuals out of the way individually, either organizationally or in groups Manuscript profile