Soil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in se More
Soil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in sediment generation and to recognize their erosion conditions. For this purpose after sampling the sediment source and sediments of waterways of Kiov-chai Watershed, grading was performed for all samples by dry sieving. Then, 600 micron and 4 mm sieves were selected as indicators and by choosing 100 grains of sediment from each sample, mineralogical analysis was performed using a pair of binocular and considering mineral and rock fragments the results were compared with and adapted to the lithological units and the share percentage of each stone, was determined by counting the number of minerals and rock fragments. The results showed, Qvl lithological unit has the highest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent and has the very severe erosion status with total erosion index score with a 1053.14 which can be justified completely due to extensive degradation and its spread on both sides of the main river. After Qvl lithological unit, Qds2 and Qvb lithological units have the highest share in sediment yield with a 30.87 and 10.54 percent, respectively and Qtasllithological unit has the lowest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent.
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Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focus on methods that researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and More
Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focus on methods that researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and extracted samples from river and basin. Interesting to this method has been increased as a erosion and sediment technique, as well as tools for completing of old method of water erosion with regarding to identifying of sediment sources, sediment delivery in the river at various spatial and temporal scale and estimation of soil erosion using existing tracers in the soil and sediment. This research emphasis on the used techniques and methods, mixing model and utilities of various tracers in the erosion and sediment studies focusing on sediment fingerprinting in the world and Iran in order to reviewing of performed studies researchers able to be familiar with existing models, tracers and new technologies and find track of soil and sediment studies focusing on fingerprinting. Result of review showed that cohesive studies of soil and sediment with regarding to new methodology started since 60th decade and studies have been performed in large, medium and small scale basin, hillslope, plot and experimental scale with techniques such as radionuclide decay, earth rare element, magnetic properties of soils, other tracers and fingerprinting. This research reviews and introduces erosion and sediment models, fingerprinting models, existing tracers and sampling methods and new soil and sediment technologies of Iran (patents).
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Background & Objectives: Soft rot is one of the most important bacterial diseases of potato in Iran and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of these agents in the main potato- growing regions in Iran. Mat More
Background & Objectives: Soft rot is one of the most important bacterial diseases of potato in Iran and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of these agents in the main potato- growing regions in Iran. Materials & Methods: Samples were collected from tubers that were suspected of soft rot disease during harvest. Phenotypic characteristics were assessed by conventional methods. Genetic diversity was determined using genomic fingerprinting techniques. Cluster analysis and population structure analysis were performed by the SplitsTree 4.11.3, Arlequin 3.11 and the STRUCTURE 2.3.4 software. Results: The study showed a high level of diversity among isolates so that some of them showed phenotypic characteristics that differed from the isolates described in previous studies. Studied isolates were placed into two major groups of Pectobacterium wasabiae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Genomic fingerprinting profiles revealed that the isolates are genetically heterogeneous and classified into three genetic populations. 50.0% of the phenotypic group 1 isolate and 77.3% of the phenotypic group 2 isolates belonged to genetic population 1 and 3, respectively. No correlation was observed between genomic fingerprints, geographic areas, and potato cultivars, but the genetic distances and the maximum and minimum gene flow were correlated with geographic distance. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, seed trade may introduce soft rot disease to new territories in the neighboring provinces.
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