Introduction: One of the quality parameters of combustion is Diesel index (DI) that Indicating thedegree and quality of diesel fuel. One of the methods that can be measured this parameter withoutspending too much time is the ASTM D 611 standard.Material and Methods: In More
Introduction: One of the quality parameters of combustion is Diesel index (DI) that Indicating thedegree and quality of diesel fuel. One of the methods that can be measured this parameter withoutspending too much time is the ASTM D 611 standard.Material and Methods: In this study to produce biodiesel fuel was used ethanol and bytransesterification method from seven kinds of vegetable oils (corn, soybean, rice bran, grape seed,olive, sunflower and rapeseed) method was used. In order to get the diesel index, determination ofaniline point and the API degree is required. Therefor Aniline point was evaluated by ASTM D611-04.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the values of index of diesel fuels produced formfrom Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Composition are in 38-45 range. While the DI value of diesel fuel is51.56. Also, the results presented that the low values of density of biodiesel fuels is reduced thedegree of API.
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Ni / SiO2 heterogeneous nano catalyst was synthesized and characterized using different analytical tools including FT-IR, UV spectrophotometer, SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and XRD. The synthesized catalyst was used in the transesteri More
Ni / SiO2 heterogeneous nano catalyst was synthesized and characterized using different analytical tools including FT-IR, UV spectrophotometer, SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and XRD. The synthesized catalyst was used in the transesterification of methyl ester produced from mahogany seed oil. The reaction conditions for the transesterification process were optimized. The yield of 85% was achieved when the reaction was carried using Ni / SiO2 with concentration of 1.5% wt, volume ratio of methanol to oil of 5:1, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a reaction time of 120 min. The Ni / SiO2 nano catalyst was regenerated from the mixture and was reused for various circles by applying the optimum conditions obtained during the present study. The results showed that the methyl ester yield decreased exponentially by increasing the cycle number when the regenerated catalyst was used. However, good conversion (>72%) was obtained up to the 4th cycles. It could be concluded that Ni / SiO2 nano catalyst is catalytically active and may serve as a potential catalyst for biodiesel production.
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In this research work, the correlations between the curing properties of natural rubber based compounds were investigated with the content of palmitic acid methyl ester obtained by transesterification of natural rubber’s extracted lipids. For this purpose, at the More
In this research work, the correlations between the curing properties of natural rubber based compounds were investigated with the content of palmitic acid methyl ester obtained by transesterification of natural rubber’s extracted lipids. For this purpose, at the first step the lipids in natural rubber were extracted and methyl esters derivatives were prepared. At the second step the obtained palmitic acid methyl esters from different natural rubbers were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finally the correlations between the amount of palmitic acid methyl ester and curing properties of rubber compounds were investigated and linear models were obtained. These models were used for prediction of cure properties in a case study. The results showed that scorch time, optimum cure time and cure rate index can be predicted by less than 6% error and torque difference can be estimated by lower than 13% error. This new approach can be used to predict the cure properties of the compound before compounding.
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To study the effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) in ameliorating the effects of haloxyfop-R methyl ester herbicide (commercial name Gallant super) on biochemical activity and hormonal responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. More
To study the effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) in ameliorating the effects of haloxyfop-R methyl ester herbicide (commercial name Gallant super) on biochemical activity and hormonal responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Lakomka) a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 levels of herbicide concentration (0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm) in 3 replications. At 4 to 6 leaved stages, different concentrations of herbicide were sprayed on the aerial part of the plants. The effects of herbicide on colonization percentage, dry weight and other parameters of control and mycorrhizal treated plants were quite evident. Increased gibberellin content (60%) in inoculated plants, reduced amount of auxin in shoot of the control plants (48%) were observed by increasing herbicide concentration compared to the control. Furthermore, increased proline (1.5 and 2.7 fold), increased soluble sugars content (36.5% and 23.5%), reduced total proteins (29.2% and 40.1%) and reduced dry weight (61.3% and 76.0% in shoot and root respectively) were significant. More damage occurred by increased herbicide stress conditions and plants responded by raising the level of gibberrelins, proline and soluble sugars to cope the damages induced by haloxyfop-R methyl ester. Such adaptive responses were more pronounced and effective in inoculated plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G.intraradices. So, it seems that inoculation sunflower seedlings by G. intraradices can enhance their tolerance against deleterious effects of that herbicide.
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