List of Articles Confiscation

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - The Confiscation of Property in the Abbasid Era; its Political and Economic Aims and Performances
  Mahdi Qorbani Hesari Ebrahim Mousapour Besheli Qanbarali Roodgar
  References Balādhurī, Ansāb al- Ashrāf, Revised by ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz al- Dawrī, Vol. 4, Beirut, German Orientalists, 1978/ 1356. Bayhaḳī, Tārīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Edited by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, (Vol. 3), (4th ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1374/ 1995. Bosworth, Clifford Edmu More

  References Balādhurī, Ansāb al- Ashrāf, Revised by ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz al- Dawrī, Vol. 4, Beirut, German Orientalists, 1978/ 1356. Bayhaḳī, Tārīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Edited by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, (Vol. 3), (4th ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1374/ 1995. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Tārīkh-i Ghaznawiyyān (The Ghaznavids), trans. Hassan Anushah, Vol. 2, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1385/ 2006. Bosworth, “Musadara”, “Mustakhridj”, EI2, Vol. VII, 1993. Bouvat, Lucien, Barmakiyyān Binā- bar Riwayat-i Muwarrikhān-i Arāb wa Iranī(Les Barmécides d'après les historiens arabes et persans), Trans. Abdol Hossein Meykadeh, (Vol. 5), Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1388/ 2009. Boyle, John Andrew, Tārīkh-i Iran Cambridge( Vol.) az Āmadan-i Saldjuḳiyyān tā Furū- Pāsh-yi Dawlat- Īlkhān(The Cambridge History of Iran), Trans. Hassan Anushah, (6th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 2006/ 1385. Cahen, Claude, Kabir, M., Buwiyhiyān, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1382/ 2003. Dehkhoda, Lughat-nāma, Electronic Publishing. Djahshiyārī, al- Wuzarā  wa  al- Kuttāb, Revised by Muṣṭafa al- Saḳḳā, Ibrāhīm al- Abyārī & ʿAbd al- Ḥafīẓ al- Shiblī, (1st. ed.) Maktaba Muṣṭafā al- Bānī al- Ḥalabī wa al- Awlāda, Cairo, 1357 AH/ 1938 AD. Dhahabī, Shams al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tārikh al- Islām wa wafayāt (ṭabaḳāt) al- mashāhīr wa l- alām, Revised by ʿUmar ʿAbd al- Salām Tadmurī, Beirut, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1993 AD/ 1413 AH. Eqbal,  Abbas, Wizārat dar Ahd-i Salaṭīn-i Buzurg-i Saldjūḳī az Tārīkh Tashkīl-i Iyn sisila tā marg-i Sulṭān Sandjar(432- 552 AH), Revised by Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh & Yahya Zoka, (2st. ed.), Tehran, University of Tehran, 1384/ 2005. Fischer, ZDMG, lxiv(1910). Ghazālī, Kimiyāy-i-Saadat, Revised by Hossein Khadiv Jam, Vol. 2, Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1393/ 2014. Ḥusaynī Munshī, Muhammad Mīrak b. Masʿūd, Riyāḍ al-Firdaws-i Khānī, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Ibn Aʿtham, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Futūḥ, Beirut, Dār al- aḍwāʾ, 1991 AD/ 1411 AH. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzza al- Dīn Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Abī al- Mukarram, al-Kāmil fī al- tārikh, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965/1343. Ibn Ḥazm Andalusī, Djamharat ansāb al- arab, Revised by Scientific Committee, Beirut, Dār al- kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, 1983 AD/ 1403 AH. Ibn Kathīr Dimāshḳī, Abū ʾl- Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al- Bidāya wa l- Nihāya, Beirut, Dār al- fikr, 1986/ 1364. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al- Raḥmān Muḥammad, al- Ibar wa al- dīwan l- mubtadi wa al- Khabar fī tārikh al- Arab wa al- Adjam wa al- Barbar wa- min āṣarāhum min dhawī al- sulṭān al- akbar, Revised by Khalīl Shiḥāda, Beirut, Dār al- Fikr, 1988 AD/ 1408 AH. Ibid, Muḳaddama Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, (8th. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1996/1375. Ibid, al- Ibar Tārīkh-i Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Abdolmuhammad Ayati, Mūʾassisa Muṭāliʿāt- wa Taḥḳīḳāt-i Farhangī, 1984/1363. Ibn ḳutayba Dīniwarī, al- Imāma wa- al- Siyāsa, Revised by ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut, Dār al- Aḍwāʾ, (1st. ed.), 1990 AD/1410 AH. Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, Ṭabaḳāt l--kubrā, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-  Ḳādir ʿAṭāʾ, Beirut, , Dār al- kutub al- ʿilmiyya, (1st. ed.), 1990 AD/ 1410 AH. Ibn Taghrībirdī, al-Nudjūm al-Zāhira fī mulūk miṣr wa l- ḳāhira, Egypt, The Ministry of Culture, Dār al- Kutub, (Und.). Ḳāḍī al- Tanūkhī, Abī ʿAlī al- Muḥassin b. ʿAlī, Nishwār al- Muḥāḍara wa- Akhbār al- Mudhākara, Revised by ʿAbbūd al- Shalidjī, (2st. ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Ṣayyād, 1995/ 1373. Khwārazmī, Maftātīḥ al- Ulūm, Beirut, (1st. ed.), 1428 AH/ 2008 AD. Klausner, Carla, Dīwān- Salārī dar ʿAhd-i Saldjūḳī (Wizārat dar ʿahd-i Saldjūḳī) (The Seljuk vezirate: a study of civil administration), Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (3th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1389/ 2010. Lane- Poole, Stanley, Tabaḳat-i Salāṭīn-i Islām bā Djadāwil-i Tārīkhī wa Nasab- hā-yi Iyshān ba Ḍamīma-yi Muḳaddamāt-i Tārikh-yi Rādji ba har Sisila, (The Mohammedan dynasties. Chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions), Trans. Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1390/2011. Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford, Siyrī dar Tārīkh-i Iran Bad az Islām, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1391/ 2012. Ibid, Tadāwum wa Taḥawwul dar Tārīkh-i Miyana Iran, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Nashr-i Niy, 1392/ 2013. Lambton, “DIVAN”, EI2, Vol. II, 1991. Levy, “MUSADARA”, EI1, 1913-1936. Malayeri, Muhammad Mahdi, Tārīkh wa Farhang-i Iran dar Dawrān-i Intiḳal az Aṣr-i Sāsānī bih Aṣr-i Islāmī, Vol. 6, Tehran, Tūs, 1379/ 2000. Metz, Adam, Tamaddun-i Islāmī dar Ḳarn-i čahārum-i Hidjrī yā (Runisāns-i Islāmī)(The renaissance of Islam), Trans. Ali Reza Zekavati Gharagozlou, (5th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1393/ 2014. Mustawfī, Hamdullāh, Tārikh-i Guzida, (3th. ed.), Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1985/ 1364. Miskawayh al- Rāzī, Abū ʿAlī, Tadjārib al- Umam, Revised by Abolghasem Emami, Tehran, Surūsh, 1379/ 2000. M. Minovi and V. Minorsky. “Nasir al-Din Tusi on finance”, Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of  London, Vol. 10, No. 3(1940), pp.761,759, in www.jstor.org Ravandi, Morteza, Tārikh-i Idjtimāī-yi Iran, (Vol.12), (2st. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Nigāh, 1382/ 2003. Ṣābīʾ, Hilāl b. Muḥassin, Tuḥfat al- Umara fī Tārīkh al- Wuzarā, Revised by ʿAbd al- Sattār Aḥmad Farādj, Maktaba al- Aʿyān, (Unn.), (Und.). Saʿdī, Kulliyyāt- Sadī, Based on the Foroughi 's Edition, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Piymān, 1381/ 2002. Sajadi, Seyyed Sadegh, Tārīkh-i Barmakiyyān, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Spuller, Bertold, Djahān-i Islām (1) Dawrān-i Khilāfat(The Muslim World), Trans. Qamar Aryan, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1975/ 1354. Ibid, Tārīkh-i Iran dar Ḳurūn Nukhustīn-i Islāmī(Iran : in Fruh-Islamischer zeit), Trans. Javad Flatoori & Maryam Mir Ahmadi, (2st. ed.), Vol.4, Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1994/ 1373. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārikh al- umam l- Mulūk, Tārīkh al- Ṭabarī, (Vol. 11), (2st. ed.), Beirut, Rawāʾiʿ al- Turāth al- ʿArabī, 1387/ 2008. Tatawī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Ḳazwīnī, Āṣif Khan, Tārīkh-i Alifī, (Vol. 8), Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1382/ 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Tehran) “Barmakiyyan”, “Tādjir”, “Kharādj”, “Dīwān”, Electronic Publishing. V. Kremer & A. Freiherrm, Uber Das Einnahmebudget Des Abbasiden Reiches Vom Jahre 306 H. (918-919), Wien, 1887. Digitized by Google. Yaḥyā b. Ādam, Kitab al- Kharādj, Revised by Husayn Mūnis, (1st. ed.), Dār al- Sharḳ, 1987/1365. Yaʿḳūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿḳūb b. Wāḍiḥ, Tārīkh-i Yaūbī, Trans. Mohammad Ebrahim Ayati, (6th. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1371/ 1992. Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein, Tārikh-i Iran Bad az Islām, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1387/ 2008. Zaydan, Jurji, Tārīkh Tamaddun-i Islām, Trans.Ali Javaher Kalam, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1386/ 2007.   The confiscation of delinquent official’s properties for their punishment was started from the early Islamic era, certainly, during Umar reign. The benefits of that persuaded the caliphs to count on the confiscation as a temporary and sometime permanent income source and thereby they established institutions and even dewans to inquest about those properties. In the present paper, the financial reliance of Abbasid caliphate on this source and consequently, the role of confiscation of property in controlofthe wealth and powerof elites have been surveyed     Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - Examining the sentences of paying the debt of the deceased (tōzišn) and debt settlement (pēš-tōzišnīh) in Sassanid times from the Mādayān ī hazār dādestestān
  zahra hisseini
  Mādayān ī hazār dādestestān or Book of a Thousand Judgment is the only manuscript of the imperfect from the legal collection of the Sassanid period. This article is studying a legal term tōzišn means paying the debt and paying the debt of the deceased and compena More

  Mādayān ī hazār dādestestān or Book of a Thousand Judgment is the only manuscript of the imperfect from the legal collection of the Sassanid period. This article is studying a legal term tōzišn means paying the debt and paying the debt of the deceased and compenasting of the warranter and pēš-tōzišnīh the meaning of repayment and how the debtor's debt is settled and its purpose is to explain the legal rules to pay of the debt of the deceased and how to settle the debt in the civil society of the Sassanid period. For this purpose, a question arises: What did the legislators envisage in the issuance of Judgments tōzišn and pēš-tōzišnīh to pay the debt and settle it? Based on the existing laws, we find that, Legislators with awareness predicted possible disputes of survivors in the death of the deceased and the debtor's possible evasion of payment and even the debtor's financial poverty and issued rulings for pay the debt of the debtor and pay the debt of the deceased, duties of survivors, the debtor and guarantor are know; and disagreement is eliminated between the family and the legal creditor and by adopting legal solutions, does not exist way to avoid fulfilling the obligations. This article is theoretical and has been done with historical-analytical method. While interpreting the legal term tōzišn and pēš-tōzišnīh, we find its social function in the Sassanid period. Given the lack of documented research in this area, the need to address it is obvious. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - The Recognition of the Quranic Concept of Changing God's Creation
  maryam sabaghi nadoshan mohammadhassan haeri
  Some of the renowned scholars have thought foolish exchanges and contracts as foregone conclusions, and some have even banned it as a religious order. On many occasions, contracts have been annulled based on such an order. The underlying meaning is that whenever a contr More

  Some of the renowned scholars have thought foolish exchanges and contracts as foregone conclusions, and some have even banned it as a religious order. On many occasions, contracts have been annulled based on such an order. The underlying meaning is that whenever a contract is made by a person who is insane, and that contract is devoid of reasonable thinking, the contract is inexistent and thus non-rectifiable. The foolishness of the contract is an independent factor which ascribes annulment to the contact. However, annulment is because of the insanity of the person who makes the contract not the insanity of the contract itself. Because of the lack of reason for the annulment of foolish contracts, they become legal unless the foolishness of the person in charge becomes evident. Moreover, the truthfulness of foolishness is difficult to prove when personal bias is in action and excludes the contract from being insane. Therefore, besides the problem that most instances of foolishness share, foolishness on its own as an independent factor in the annulment of a contract should be doubted.    Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - Jurisprudence-Legal Principles of Confiscation Insurance
  ali jafarzadeh shahi قادر شنیور Jamshid Yahya pour
  10.22034/ijrj.2020.678158
  Confiscation is one of the institutes enacted by the legislator to protect the right of winning party and/or the claimant and ensure individuals' right. It is based on protecting individuals' right. However, carrying out these regulations can weaken the social and econo More

  Confiscation is one of the institutes enacted by the legislator to protect the right of winning party and/or the claimant and ensure individuals' right. It is based on protecting individuals' right. However, carrying out these regulations can weaken the social and economic aspects of the society. But today, laws should be comprehensive and consider group rights in addition to individuals' right. In this way, existential principles which are the philosophy of enacting the current regulations are criticized in addition to presenting a new definition for confiscation and investigating social and economic model-setting principles; and by presenting a new theory for confiscation, we move toward socializing law and protecting individuals' rights and jurisprudence and legal principles of insuring confiscated properties are studied based on development of the wise, rule of prohibition of detriment, the inclusion of generalities and applications of evidence. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  5 - The doctrine of clean hands with emphasis on the dispute between Iran and the United States in Property Confiscation case
  abbas barzegarzadeh
  One of the preliminary objections of the United States of America in the case of the Certain iranian assets of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, raised in the International Court of Justice following the ruling of the Supreme Court (2016) was the citatio More

  One of the preliminary objections of the United States of America in the case of the Certain iranian assets of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, raised in the International Court of Justice following the ruling of the Supreme Court (2016) was the citation of the doctrine of clean hands. The main point of this descriptive-analytical study is to examine the US preliminary objection based on the Doctrine of the Clean Hands. The United States had claimed that the Iranian government had revoked the right to sue by supporting terrorism and the special face of Lebanese Hezbollah Has done. The International Court of Justice, while accepting the defenses of the Iranian legal team, rejected the US objections to the jurisdiction and hearing of the petition. The Doctrine of the Clean Hands has a long history in the legal literature and has been accepted by international arbitration bodies as a condition for hearing a petition, but has never been accepted by the International Court of Justice as a preliminary objection, and the Court often Examination has referred it to the mertis level. In the case of the dispute between Iran and the United States, the Court did not violate its jurisprudence . Manuscript profile